ME303: MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

M. Younas
Lecturer MED
HITEC University

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Chapter 1: Introduction

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 INTRODUCTION

• What is Manufacturing?
 The process of converting raw materials into the
final product

• Manufacturing Processes
 Casting, Powder Processing,
 Forming, Machining, Surface processing
 Joining
 Rule – A sequence of process based on Shape,
detail, Tolerance, Energy Consumption

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 Manufacturing is Important!
• Technologically
• Economically
• Historically

Manufacturing is Important Technologically

• Technology can be defined as the application of
science to provide society and its members with
those things that are needed or desired
• Technology provides products that help our society
and its members live better
• What do these products have in common? They are
all manufactured
• Manufacturing is the essential factor that makes
technology possible Page 4
 Manufacturing Is Important Economically
• Manufacturing is a means by
U.S. economy:
which a nation creates material
wealth Sector
% of
GNP
Manufacturing 20%
• In the U.S. manufacturing
constitutes ~ 20% of GNP Agriculture, minerals, etc. 5%

Construction & utilities 5%

• The GNP of a country is
normally directly related its Service – retail, 70%
manufacturing capacity, which transportation, banking,
is in turn related to the communication,
standard of living education, and
government

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 Manufacturing is Important Historically
• Historically, the importance of manufacturing in the
development of civilization is usually underestimated
• Throughout history, human cultures that were better
at making things were more successful
• Making better tools meant better crafts & weapons
 Better crafts allowed the people to live better
 Better weapons allowed them to conquer other
cultures in times of conflict

• To a significant degree, the history of civilization is

the history of humans' ability to make things

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 What is Manufacturing?

• Manufacture is derived from two Latin words manus

(hand) and factus (make); the combination means
“made by hand”

• “Made by hand” accurately described the manual

methods used when the English word “manufacture”
was first coined around 1567 A.D.

• Most modern manufacturing is accomplished by

automated and computer-controlled machinery that is
manually supervised
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• Manufacturing (defined technologically) is the
application of physical and chemical processes to
alter the geometry, properties, and/or appearance of
a given starting material to make parts or products;
manufacturing also includes assembly of multiple
parts to make products
• Manufacturing is almost always carried out as a
sequence of operations

Figure 1.1 (a)

Manufacturing
as a technical
process

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• Manufacturing (defined economically) is the
transformation of materials into items of greater
value by means of one or more processing and/or
assembly operations
• Manufacturing adds value to the material by
changing its shape or properties, or by combining it
with other materials that have been similarly altered

Figure 1.1 (b)

Manufacturing
as an economic
process

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 Historical Note

• Adam Smith (1723-1790) - division of labour

• Industrial Revolution (1760-1830)
• James Watt – Steam Engine  Mechanization
• John Wilkinson – Machine tools
• Eli Whitney (1797) – Interchangeable parts using
special machines, fixtures and gages
• Henry Ford (1913) – Assembly line
• Now Computer Age-automation

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 Manufacturing Industries
• Industry consists of enterprises and organizations
that produce or supply goods and services
• Industries can be classified as:
1. Primary industries: Those that cultivate and
exploit natural resources, e.g., agriculture,
mining, fishing
2. Secondary industries (our focus): Take the
outputs of primary industries and convert them
into consumer and capital goods - manufacturing
is the principal activity, e.g. Aerospace,
Automotive, Electronics
3. Tertiary industries: Service sector of the
economy, e.g. Banking, Education, Government
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 Manufacturing Industries - continued
• Most secondary industries are companies that do
manufacturing; others are construction and power
generation
• However, manufacturing includes several industries
whose production technologies are not covered in
this course; e.g., apparel, beverages, chemicals, and
food processing
• For our purposes, manufacturing means production
of hardware, which ranges from nuts and bolts to
digital computers and military weapons, as well as
plastic and ceramic products

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Manufacturing Industries - continued

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 Production Quantity
• The quantity of products Q made by a factory has an
important influence on the way its people, facilities,
and procedures that are organized or taken out

• Annual production quantities can be classified into

three ranges:
Production range Annual Quantity Q
Low production 1 to 100 units
Medium production 100 to 10,000 units
High production 10,000 to millions of units

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 Product Variety

• Product variety P refers to different product types

produced in the plant
• Product variety is distinct from production quantity
• Different products have different shapes and sizes;
they are intended for different markets; some have
more parts than others
• The number of different product types made each
year in a factory can be counted
• When the number of product types made in the
factory is high, this indicates high product variety
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• An inverse correlation exists between product variety
P and production quantity Q in factory operations
• If a factory's P is high, then Q is likely to be low; and if
Q is high, then P is likely to be low

Figure 1.2 -
P-Q Relationship

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Production Quantity and Product Variety
• Although P is a quantitative parameter, it is much
less exact than Q because details on how much the
designs differ is not captured simply by the number
of different designs
• Soft product variety - small differences between
products, e.g., differences between car models
made on the same production line, in which there is
a high proportion of common parts among models
• Hard product variety - products differ substantially,
and there are few, if any, common parts, e.g., the
difference between a small car and a large truck

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 Manufacturing Capability
• A manufacturing plant consists of a set of processes
and systems (and people, of course) designed to
transform a certain limited range of materials into
products of increased value
• The three building blocks - materials, processes,
and systems - are the subject of modern
manufacturing
• Manufacturing capability refers to the technical
and physical limitations of a manufacturing firm and
each of its plants
• Manufacturing capability includes:
1. Technological processing capability
2. Physical product limitations
3. Production Capacity Page 18
 Materials in Manufacturing
• Most engineering materials can be classified into
one of three basic categories:
1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers

• Their chemistries are different, their mechanical and

physical properties are dissimilar, and these
differences affect the manufacturing processes that
can be used to produce products from them

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• In addition to the three basic categories, there are:

4. Composites - nonhomogeneous mixtures of the other three

basic types rather than a unique category

Figure 1.3 –
Venn diagram
of three basic
Material types
plus composites

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 Metals
• Metals used in manufacturing are usually alloys,
which are composed of two or more elements, at
least one of which is metallic
• Two basic groups:
1. Ferrous metals - based on iron, comprise  75%
of metal tonnage in the world:
 Steel = iron-carbon alloy with 0.02 to 2.11% C
 Cast iron = alloy with 2% to 4% C
2. Nonferrous metals - all other metallic elements
and their alloys: aluminum, copper, gold,
magnesium, nickel, silver, tin, titanium, etc.
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 Ceramics
• A compound containing metallic (or semi-metallic)
and nonmetallic elements. Typical nonmetallic
elements are oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon(CNO)
• For processing purposes, ceramics divide into:
1. Crystalline ceramics – includes:
 Traditional ceramics, such as clay (hydrous
aluminum silicates)
 Modern ceramics, such as alumina (Al2O3)
2. Glasses – mostly based on silica (SiO2)

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 Polymers
• A compound formed of repeating structural units
called mers, whose atoms share electrons to form
very large molecules
• Three categories:
1. Thermoplastic polymers - can be subjected to
multiple heating and cooling cycles without
altering their molecular structure
2. Thermosetting polymers - molecules chemically
transform (cure) into a rigid structure upon
cooling from a heated plastic condition
3. Elastomers - exhibit significant elastic behavior
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 Composites
• A material consisting of two or more phases that are
processed separately and then bonded together to
achieve properties superior to its constituents
• A phase = a homogeneous mass of material, such as
grains of identical unit cell structure in a solid metal
• Usual structure consists of particles or fibers of one
phase mixed in a second phase
• Properties depend on components, physical shapes
of components, and the way they are combined to
form the final material

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 Manufacturing Processes

Two basic types:

1. Processing operations - transform a work material

from one state of completion to a more advanced
state that is closer to the final product
 Operations that change the geometry,
properties, or appearance of the starting material

2. Assembly operations - join two or more

components in order to create a new entity called
an assembly
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Classification of Manufacturing Processes

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 Processing Operations
• Alters a workpart's shape, physical properties, or
appearance in order to add value to the material
• Three categories of processing operations:
1. Shaping operations - alter the geometry of the
starting work material. E.g: Casting Forging and
Machining
2. Property-enhancing operations - improve
physical properties of the material without
changing its shape. E.g: Heat treatment
3. Surface processing operations - performed to
clean, treat, coat, or deposit material onto the
exterior surface of the work. E.g: Plating and
painting Page 31
 Shaping Processes – Four Categories
Shaping processes apply heat or mechanical force or a
combination of these to effect a change in geometry of the
work materials
Classification based on the starting material is given below:
1. Solidification processes - starting material is a heated
liquid or semifluid that solidifies to form part geometry
2. Particulate processing - starting material is a powder,
and the powders are formed into desired geometry and
then sintered to harden
3. Deformation processes - starting material is a ductile
solid (commonly metal) that is deformed
4. Material removal processes - starting material is a solid
(ductile or brittle), from which material is removed so
resulting part has desired geometry
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 Solidification Processes
• Starting material is heated sufficiently to transform it
into a liquid or highly plastic state
• Examples: Casting for metals, molding for plastics

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 Particulate Processing
• Starting materials are powders of metals or ceramics
• Usually involves pressing and sintering, in which
powders are first squeezed in a die cavity and then
heated to bond the individual particles

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 Deformation Processes
• Starting workpart is shaped by application of forces
that exceed the yield strength of the material
• Examples: (a) forging, (b) extrusion
• Can be classified into Hot and Cold working
Processes

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 Deformation Processes

• Hot working:
 Rolling
 Extrusion
 Forging

• Cold Working:
 Deep drawing
 Pressing
 Spinning
 Impact Extrusion

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 Material Removal Processes
• Excess material removed from the starting workpiece
so what remains is the desired geometry
• Examples: machining such as turning, drilling, and
milling; also grinding and nontraditional processes

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 Waste in Shaping Processes
• It is desirable to minimize waste and scrap in part
shaping
• Material removal processes tend to be wasteful in the
unit operation, simply by the way they work
• Casting and molding usually waste little material
• Terminology:
 Net shape processes - when most of the starting
material is used and no subsequent machining is
required to achieve final part geometry
 Near net shape processes - when minimum
amount of machining is required
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 Property-Enhancing Processes

• Performed to improve mechanical or physical

properties of the work material
• Part shape is not altered, except unintentionally
• Examples:
 Heat treatment of metals and glasses
 Sintering of powdered metals and ceramics

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 Surface Processing Operations
1. Cleaning - chemical and mechanical processes to
remove dirt, oil, and other contaminants from the
surface
2. Surface treatments - mechanical working such as
sand blasting, and physical processes like diffusion
3. Coating and thin film deposition - coating exterior
surface of the workpart like in electroplating

• Several surface processing operations used to

fabricate integrated circuits such as physical and
chemical vapor deposition

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 Assembly Operations
• Two or more separate parts are joined to form a
new entity
• Types of assembly operations:
1. Joining processes – create a permanent joint.
• Examples: welding, brazing, soldering, and
adhesive bonding
2. Mechanical assembly – fastening by mechanical
methods
 Examples: use of screws, bolts, nuts, other
threaded fasteners; rivets, press fitting,
expansion fits
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 Production Machines and Tooling
• Manufacturing operations are accomplished using
machinery and tooling (and people)

• Machine tools (power driven machines used to operate

cutting tools) are the mother of all machinery

• Other production machines include presses (for stamping),

forge hammers (for forging), rolling mills (for rolling sheet
metals) etc

• Production equipment can be General Purpose (more

flexible and adaptable to a variety of jobs) or Special
Purpose (designed to produce a specific part or product in
large quantities

• Production machinery usually requires tooling, which

customizes the equipment for the particular part or product
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Production Machines and Tooling (Continued)

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 Home Work # 1

Write down 20 specific manufacturing processes

along with practical application of each of theses
processes

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