Electric motors

Prepared by
ENG./ A.SOLIMAN
 ‫أنواع المحركات الكهربية‬
Brushed

DC Brushless
Split Capacitor

Stepper

Universal Shaded Pole

Single Phase
Induction
Capacitor Start

AC Synchronous Split Phase

Poly Phase Induction

D.C motors

3
 Magnetic filed
Field direction: North  South
 Right hand rule
Electric Currents  Magnetism!
Magnetization

North/South
Pole?
 D.C motors
types

· Series Motors
· Shunt Motors
· Cumulative Compound Motor
· Differential Compound Motor
Series Motors
Shunt Motors
 Compound Motors

• The cumulative compound motor is one of the most

common DC motors because it provides high
starting torque and good speed regulation at high
speeds. Since the shunt field is wired with similar
polarity in parallel with the magnetic field aiding the
series field and armature field, it is called
cumulative. When the motor is connected this way,
it can start even with a large load and then operate
smoothly when the load varies slightly.
connections
 Brushed D.C motor

The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor.

The rotor is the inner part which rotates. In the motor
animations, red represents a magnet or winding with
a north polarization, while green represents a magnet
or winding with a south polariztion. Opposite, red and
green, polarities attract
 Brushed D.C motor

Just as the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move

across the commutator contacts and energize the next
winding. In the animation the commutator contacts are
brown and the brushes are dark grey. A yellow spark
shows when the brushes switch to the next winding.
 Brush less D.C motor

A brushless dc motor has a rotor with permanent

magnets and a stator with windings.
It is essentially a dc motor turned inside out.
The control electronics replace the function of the
commutator and energize the proper winding.
 Full Stepper Motor

• This animation demonstrates the principle for a stepper motor using

full step commutation. The rotor of a permanent magnet stepper motor
consists of permanent magnets and the stator has two pairs of
windings. Just as the rotor aligns with one of the stator poles, the
second phase is energized. The two phases alternate on and off and
also reverse polarity. There are four steps. One phase lags the other
phase by one step. This is equivalent to one forth of an electrical cycle
or 90°.
 Stepper Motor Half

• This animation shows the stepping pattern for a half-step stepper

motor. The commutation sequence for a half-step stepper motor has
eight steps instead of four. The main difference is that the second
phase is turned on before the first phase is turned off. Thus,
sometimes both phases are energized at the same time. During the
half-steps the rotor is held in between the two full-step positions. A
half-step motor has twice the resolution of a full step motor. It is very
popular for this reason.
 More on Stepper Motors

• Note how the phases are driven so that

the rotor takes half steps
29
 ‫أمثلة أخري للمحرك‬

• Full step sequence • Half step

showing how binary sequence of
numbers can control binary control
the motor numbers
30
 Stepper Motor Applications

• Film Drive
• I. V. Pump
• Optical Scanner
• Blood Analyzer
• Printers • FAX Machines
• ATM Machines • Thermostats
 DC Motor Applications

• Automobiles
– Windshield Wipers
– Door locks
– Window lifts
– Antenna retractor
– Seat adjust •Cordless hand drill
– Mirror adjust
– Anti-lock Braking System •Electric lawnmower
•Fans
•Toys
•Electric toothbrush
•Servo Motor
 ‫‪Single phase motor‬‬
‫‪Split Phase‬‬

‫المحرك مشطور الوجة يحتوي علي ملفين بالعضو‬

‫الثابت ‪ ،‬الول هو الملف الرئيسي والثاني هو الملف‬
‫المساعد )ملف بدء التشغيل( كل من هذين الملفين‬
‫موزع في مجاري العضو الثابت بحيث تكون الزاوية بين‬
‫المحورين ‪ 90‬درجة كهربية ‪ ،‬تستعمل أسلك مساحة‬
‫ذات مقطع صغيرة للملفات المساعدة فتكون نسبة‬
‫مقاومتها الي ممانعتها الحثية كبيرة بالعكس في‬
 ‫‪Single phase motor‬‬
‫‪capacitor start‬‬

‫يحتوي هذا المحرك علي الملفات الرئيسية وملفات‬

‫مساعدة ويتم توصيل المكثف مع الملفات المساعدة‬
‫بحيث يجعل تيار الملفات المساعدة يتقدم تيار الملفات‬
‫الرئيسية بزاوية مقدارها ‪ 90‬درجة والحصول علي‬
‫خصائص محرك متزن ذي وجهين عند البدء‬
 ‫‪Single phase motor‬‬
‫‪two value capacitor start‬‬

‫عند أستخدام مكثفين أحدهما يستخدم أثناء فترة البدء‬

‫فقط والخر يستمر عملة أثناء التشغيل المستمر‬
‫للمحرك يمكننا الحصول علي أفضل خواص للمحرك‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Single phase motor‬‬
‫‪shaded pole motor‬‬

‫يتكون العضو الثابت لهذا المحرك منأقطاب بارزة‬

‫ملفوف عليها ملفات الثابت كل قطب مقسوم الي‬
‫جزأين بواسطة مجري صغير‪ ،‬حيث يتم إحاطة )طوق(‬
‫جزء من كل قطب بلفة مقصورة من النحاس ‪ ،‬تتولد‬
‫في الملف المظلل تيارات بفعل جزء المجال‬
‫المغناطيسي المتشابك معة‪ ،‬تؤدي الي تأخير محصلة‬
‫المجال للقطب المظلل زمنيا عن المجال المغناطيسي‬
Torque – speed curves of different types
of single phase induction motors
Poly Phase Induction
 Design summary
Built-in thermistors for Rating plate and separate lubrication
temperature monitoring information plate. In stainless steel.
Allways readable.
Equipped with stainless steel SPM
Newly constructed terminal adaptors for bearing condition
box, roomy and easy to work monitoring
with
Lubrication system with grtease outlet
plug. Grease nipples in stainless steel.
Permanently greased bearings optional
Heavy-duty steel fan cover
Class H insulation for high
temperature resistance

Shields with more

High efficient cooling fan
effective cooling
flanges
New, improved bearing
shields for longer lifetime
Reliable anti-corrosion
Reliable gamma shaft seal treatment
protects the bearing
Feet with double holes
Ready for vibration permit installation of larger
measurements back-up motor
Bearings with C4-clearance as
standard
Optional standby heating systems
 Rotor

Wound rotor
Squirrel cage
 AC&DC COILS

AC Diamond Coils DC Armature Coils

Interpole

Soft coils

Compensating windings

Hard cured coils Rotor lap &

wave
Stator
Three phase motor
Torque – speed curves of different types
of Three phase induction motors
Torque – speed curves of different types
NEMA standard motors
 Codes and standards
NEMA MG1-1993, Rev 4, “Motors and Generators.”
IEEE Std 112–1996, “IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction
Motors and Generators.”
IEEE Std 115–1983, “IEEE Guide: Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines.”
IEEE Std 522–1992, “IEEE Guide for Testing Turn-to-Turn Insulation on Form-
Wound Stator Coils for Alternating Current Rotating Electric Machines.”
IEC 34–1, 1996, 10th ed., “Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 1: Rating and
Performance.”
IEC 34–1, Amendment 1, 1997, “Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 1: Rating and
Performance.”
IEC 34–2, 1972, “Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 2: Methods of Determining
Losses and Efficiency of Rotating Electrical Machinery from Tests.”
IEC 34–2, Amendment 1, 1995 and Amendment 2, 1996, “Rotating Electrical
Machines, Part 2: Methods of Determining Losses and Efficiency of Rotating
Electrical Machinery from Tests.”
 Codes and standards
IEC 34–5,1991, “Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 5: Classification of Degrees of
Protection Provided by Enclosures of Rotating Electrical Machines (IP Code).”
IEC 34–6, 1991, “Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 6: Methods of Cooling (IC
Code).”
IEC 34–9, 1990 and 2/979/FDIS, 1997, “Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 9,
“Noise Limits.”
IEC 34–12, 1980, “Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 12: Starting Performance of
Single-speed, Three-phase Cage Induction Motors for Voltages up to and
Including 600 Volts.”
IEC 34–14, 1990 and 2/940/FDIS, 1996, “Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 14:
Mechanical Vibration of Certain Machines with Shaft Heights 56 mm and
Larger.”
IEC 34–15,1995, “Rotating Electric Machines, Part 15: Impulse Voltage Withstand
Levels of Rotating AC Machines with Form-wound Coils.”
IEC 38, 1983, “IEC Standard Voltages.”
IEC 72–1, 1991, “Dimension and Output Series for Rotating Electrical Machines.”
 Material specification
• Stator
– Die cast aluminum alloy
– Cast iron
• Terminal box
– Die cast aluminum alloy
– Cast iron
• Bearing end shields
– Cast iron
• Shaft material: Steel
• Shaft key: Steel, Fan cover: Galvanized sheet steel
• Fan
– Aluminum
– Glass-fibre reinforced moulded polypropylene
 Material specification (cont.)

• The following parts are made of stainless

steel
– Rating plate
– Lubrication plate
– Bolts
– Grease nipples
– SPM adaptors

• Fan cover
– Metal fasteners for fan cover
P = √3 V I COS Ø
 General about hazardous areas
Standards
Motors for hazardous areas comply with the
following international standards:
• IEC publications 60079-0 (2000-06) and 60079-
15 (2001-02); 61241-1-1 (1999-06)
• European standards (latest edition) EN 50014,
EN 50016, EN 50018, EN 50019, EN 50021 and
EN 50281-1-1
• British standards BS 5000 Part 16
 Flameproof enclosure EEx d and EEx de
The motor enclosure shall be designed in such a way that no internal explosion
can be transmitted to the explosive atmosphere surrounding the motor. The
enclosure must withstand, without damage, any pressure levels caused by an
internal explosion. The shape, length and gap of part assembly joints, at shaft
opening, cable entries, etc., shall be designed to allow for throttling and cooling of
hot gases escaping outside. The standards emphasize the impact of an explosive
atmosphere (for instance, explosion pressure) over constructional requirements of
such apparatus. Work on assembly devices of enclosure component parts is only
permitted using prescribed tools. Cable entries must meet the requirements of this
type of protection. The temperature of the motor's external enclosure should not
exceed the self-ignition temperature of the explosive atmosphere of the installation
area during normal operation. For this reason, rated output depends on this rated
maximum temperature for the considered area. No motor device outside the
flameproof enclosure (e.g., ventilation) shall be a potential source of sparks, arcs
or dangerous overheating.
Variants combining two types of protection usually combine ”d” and ”e”
protection. The most commonly used and recognized by the CENELEC European
Standards is the EEx de variant. The motor is designed with an EEx d flameproof
enclosure, while the terminal box features an EEx e increased safety protection.
Such design combines the superior safety degree of the ”d” type of protection with
the less stringent electrical connection requirements of increased safety motors.
Motors featuring dual protection are seldom encountered - such as an increased
safety motor with a flameproof enclosure designated EEx e + EEx d in European
Standards
 Increased safety design, EEx e

The design of this motor type prevents the

occurrence of sparks, arcs or hot spots in
service (including starting and locked rotor
situation), that could reach the self-ignition
temperature of the surrounding, potentially
explosive atmosphere, in all inner and outer
parts of the machine.
 Increased safety design, EEx e
This is ensured by applying constructional or dimensional provisions that
mainly concern:
– specified minimum values for creepage distances and clearances
– use of tracking-proof isolating materials
– suppression of sharp angles where static electrical loads could build-up
– ensuring electrical and mechanical assemblies are tightly secured
– minimum backlash values between stationary and rotating parts (e.g., air
gap, ventilation, etc.)
– temperature-rise limits, taking into account locked rotor, normal operation,
accidental mechanical stalling of machine under the most adverse thermal
conditions, i.e. when thermal equilibrium of machine is reached while in
service.
Temperature rise limits are to be considered for two operating aspects; one
for normal operating conditions and the other under accidental stalling
conditions.
Non-sparking design, EEx nA, Ex nA
This type of protection is allowed to be used in the
hazardous area corresponding to zone 2.
This design is also known as 'Non-sparking' type as the
motor must be designed in such a way that no sparks
can occur in normal operation, and used within the
ratings specified by the manufacturer, which excludes
thermal requirements due to starting or accidental
stalling.
EEx nA motors are not flameproof motors. They have
no flamepath, and thus the enclosure groups A, B and
C have no relevance. The letter "A" stands for non-
sparking equipment according to EN 50021.
Frame size
General purpose motors range
Insulation class
Duty type
IP
Mechanical protection
Service factor
Cooling methods
 Cooling modes
Flexible design : a complete range of enclosures and cooling
arrangements can be built on top of the standard basic module

Open Drip Proof Weather protected Totally Enclosed Water Totally Enclosed Air
IP23 IC01 IPW24 IC01 cooled CACW cooled CACA
ODP / WPI WPII with filters IP54 IC81W IP54 IC611
Direct air cooling Weather protected TEWAC TEAAC
Single tubes copper Aluminium alloy tubes
Mounting
 SPM Vibration and shock pulse
measurements
SPM adaptors in stainless steel
SPM stands for Shock Pulse Method
•
Gives early warning of developing bearing damages
•
Prepared areas for vibration measuring
•
For axial measuring
–
For horizontal measuring
–
Magnetic measuring devices
–
Junction box
Terminal box
PTC
H.V motors
Heavy-duty welded steel
construction
 stator design
- Welded lamination stacking
- Strongly braced heavy-duty winding
- Complete stator vacuum pressure impregnated
 Vacuum and Pressure Impregnation
Exceeds class F requirements
Excellent mechanical strength
High moisture resistance
Basic impulse level exceeds IEC requirements
1 4 5
Pressure

Resin

Resin
OVEN
Insulation system Drying
Increase the pressure Remove the varnish

2 3 6
Vacuum Vacuum
Resin

Resin

Make OVEN
the
Inject the varnish Cure the varnish
Vacuu
m
 HV winding insulation
VPI impregnation Class H resin

1.1 Filler Strip Class H

1.2 Mica/glass main Insulation Class H

1.3 Copper Conductors

1.4 Mica inter-turn Insulation Class F

Stator
Iron
1.5 Spacer Class F

Air gap 1.6 Filler Strip Class F

Rotor Iron 1.5 Slot Wedge Class F

Main terminal box
IEC box
NEMA box
Motor rating selection
 Hydraulic Pump Power
• The ideal hydraulic power to drive a pump
depends on the mass flow rate, the liquid
density and the differential height
• Ph = q ρ g h / 3.6 106 (1)
• where
• Ph = power (kW)
• q = flow capacity (m3/h)
• ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3)
• g = gravity (9.81 m/s2)
• h = differential head (m)
Site altitude
Ambient derating
Motor system voltage
Winding single-phase (Delta connected).
Winding shorted phase to phase.
Winding shorted turn to turn.
Winding with shorted coil.
Winding grounded at edge of slot.
Winding grounded in the slot.
Shorted connection.
Phase damage due to unbalanced voltage.
Winding damaged due to overload.
Damage caused by locked rotor.
Winding damaged by voltage surge.
Thank you.
The end.