Signals and Networks

(SEE 2043)
Lecture #2

Topics covered

1) Signal characteristics
2) Signals operation
3) Basic functions

1
 Important properties

The CT and DT domain signals can be of type periodic-

nonperiodic or even-odd behaviour.

•Periodic signals: x(t) = x(t+T) (CT)

x[n] = x[n+N] (DT)

x(t) x[n]
N=3

.... .... .... ....

t n
-T 0 T

2
 Continue…..
Even signals: x(-t) = x(t) (CT) ; x[-n] = x[n] (DT)
x(t)
x[n]

t n

Odd signals: x(-t) = -x(t) (CT) ; x[-n] = -x[n] (DT)

x(t) x[n]

t
n

3
 Signals Operation
For further discussion in the next chapter, few common
signals operation need to be clearly understood.
Six basic operations are considered:
•Time reversal
•Time scaling
•Time shifting
•Amplitude reversal
•Amplitude scaling
•Amplitude shifting

Note: Please consider on CT domain signal only

4
 Time Reversal
Consider x(t) as an original signal and y(t) as the time
reversal signal.
Hence; y(t) = x(-t)

x(t) y(t)
1 1

to t -to t

5
 Time Scaling
Consider x(t) as an original signal and y(t) as the time scaling
signal with;
y(t) = x(bt); b is a real constant

x(t) y(t)
Consider:
1 1
bt = τ ;
t = τ/b

to t to/2 t

y(t) = x(2t)

6
 Time Shifting
Consider x(t) as an original signal and y(t) as the time
shifting signal. It can then be written as:
y(t) = x(t-to)
where to is a constant.

x(t) y(t)
1 1

Let y(t) = x(t-to)

to t to 2to t

7
 Continue…
How to plot signal with time scaling and time shifting
operations?
Let y(t) = x(at-b)

t at t t-b wrong!!!
x(t) x(at) x(at-ab)

tt-b tat
x(t) x(t-b) x(at-b) correct

8
 Amplitude Reversal

Consider x(t) as an original signal and y(t) as the amplitude

reversal signal.
Hence; y(t) = -x(t)

x(t) y(t)
A

to

to t t

-A

9
 Amplitude Scaling

Consider x(t) as an original signal and y(t) as the amplitude

scaling signal with;

y(t) = Bx(t); B is a constant

y(t)
B
x(t)
1

to t to t

10
 Amplitude Shifting

Consider x(t) as an original signal and y(t) as the amplitude

shifting signal. It can then be written as:
y(t) = x(t) - C
where C is a constant.
y(t)
x(t)
1

1-C
to

t
to t
-C

11
 Important notes

Signals can experience more than one operation at a time

e.g.
• y(t) = x(at-b)
• y(t) = x(-at+b)
• y(t) = Ax(-t) +B
• y(t) = -Cx(-2t) -D

12
 Example
x(t) is shown as below:

x(t)
2

t
-1 1

Sketch the following signals:

(i) x(t-1) (ii) x(2-t) (iii) x(2t+1) (iv) x(4-t/2)

(v) x(t)+3 (vi) 2x(t-3)

13
 Basic functions
Previously, signals can be classified into CT and DT domain.
Those signals (CT & DT) can be further classified into signals
with specialized mathematical functions:
•Complex exponential and sinusoidal functions
•Unit impulse
•Unit step
•Triangle/square
•Ramp
•Sinc function
•Signum function
14
 Exponential and Sinusoidal Function
Consider CT domain;
Exponential signal is of the form:

x(t) = Ceat
Real exponential: C and a are real (growing (a>0) or
decaying (a<0) exponential)
Complex exponential: C and a are complex
Taking imaginary part of a and using the Euler’s relation, it
can be written that the exponential terms can be represented
by sinusoidal terms:
ejωt = cos ωt + j sin ωt
Hence; x(t) = C(cos ωt + j sin ωt)
15
 Unit Impulse
Consider DT domain,
the unit impulse (simplest DT signal):

0, n  0
 n  
1, n  0

 n
1

0 n

16
 Unit Step
The other basic signal for DT is unit step and defined as:

0, n  0
un  
1, n  0

un
1

....
0 n

17
 Unit Step and Unit Impulse in CT domain
In CT, unit step is defined as:
0, t  0
ut   
1, t  0
u[t]

t
In CT, unit impulse is defined as:
 (t  to )
 (t  to )  0 ; t  to
t
to
18
 Square Function

Unit square function is defined as:

 1
1, t 
 2
rect (t )   rect(t)
0, 1
 t 
 2
1

-1/2 1/2 t

19
 Triangle Function

Unit triangular function is defined as:


1  t , t 1
tri(t )  

0, t 1
tri(t)

t
-1 1

20
 Sinc Function
Unit sinc function is defined as:
sin( t )
sin c( t ) 
t
sinc (t)

t
-3π -2π -π π 2π 3π

21
 Signum Function
Unit signum function is defined as:
1, t 0

sgn( t )  0, t 0
 1, t  0

sgn(t)

-1

22
 Example

x(t) has the following mathematical equation.

Sketch the signal.

x(t)=2u(t) + u(t-1) - 4u(t-2) + 2u(t-3) - u(t-5)

y(t)=3(t+2)u(t+2) - 6(t+1)u(t+1) + 3(t-1)u(t-1) + 3u(t-3)

23
 Next lecture

Please have preliminary reading on the following:

•System properties
•Convolution

24