Assessing Competence

vs Qualification
 Definitions

Competence: “the ability to apply knowledge and skills to

achieve intended results.” ISO19011:2011

Competence-based assessment means that the interested

party is expected to examine a candidate’s knowledge,
skills, personal attributes and qualifications specific to the
examined competence.

Qualification-based assessment relies on an applicant's

education and qualifications, rather than on the basis of
measurable competence.
 Q vs C-example 1

“Do you know howto drive a

car?”

“I was trained and acquired a

driving license but I amstill not
confident to drive a car.”

“That means you havethe

qualifications but not the
competence.”
 Q vs C-example 2

There are college drop-

outs who are CEOs of
Fortune 500 companies
because they have
competencies, not
qualifications.

Therefore, having both qualifications and competencies

helps immensely but people can still excel through
competencies rather than qualifications.
 Q vs C

Qualification based programs emphasize training

while competence based programs emphasize the
results of training by assessing competence through
one or more methods of examination which must
be valid, reliable and independent.

Competency-based programs define first the

competencies required so that they can be properly
examined.
 MS Auditor Competences

Source: JOB-TASK ANALYSIS

FOR THE CERTIFICATION SCHEME
OF IPC M S AUDITORS (issue 3)

Task Group (15 global experts) Interested

parties trained/certified:
1,134,000 MS related experts (auditors,
consultants, managers) in 87 countries

Issued 2005, revised 2012 and 2015.

 MS Auditor Competences

Participating Interested Parties:

 MS Auditor Competences

ISO 19011:2011,
Guidelines for auditing management
systems

ISO / IEC 17021,

Conformity assessment – Requirements
for bodies providing audit and
certification of management systems

ISO / IEC 17024:2012

Conformity assessment --
General requirements for
bodies operating certification
of persons
 MS Auditor Competences

TASKS AND COMPETENCIES REQUIRED FOR ALL AUDITORS (MS)

Unit Descriptor
This is a core unit for all management system auditors. Itcovers the general
knowledge and skills required by all management system auditing as
outlined in ISO19011.

This unit is a pre-requisite for all persons seeking certification as anMS

auditor.

This unit addresses the principles, procedures and techniques of auditing,

the skills to conduct the audit and personal attributes required to become
an auditor.

If bold italicized text is shown in Performance Criteria, details of the text

are provided in the RangeStatement.
 MS Auditor Competences
ELEMENT - TASK PERFORMANCECRITERIA
Elements describe the essential Performance criteria describe the required performance needed to
outcomes of a unitof demonstrate achievement of the element. Examination of
competency. performance is to be consistent with the evidenceguide.
1 Apply the principles, 1.1 The principles and objectives of auditingmanagement
procedures and systems, as outlined in ISO 19011, are followed when
techniques of auditing. carrying out the audit.
1.2 The terms and definitions of ISO 19011 areunderstood
and applied correctly when auditing.
1.3 Audit criteria are established and an audit is initiatedin
accordance with ISO19011.
1.4 An on-site audit plan is developed and negotiated with an
auditee tomeet the agreed audit criteria, and in
accordance with ISO19011.
1.5 On-site audit activities are conducted in accordancewith
ISO 19011guidelines.
1.6 An audit report is prepared, approved and distributed in
accordance with ISO 19011guidelines.
 MS Auditor Competences

VARIABLES TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN EXAMINING

COMPETENCIES

This range statement relates to the four units of competency defined

above. It allows for different work environments and situations that will
affect performance.

The following variables may be present with examination depending onthe

work situation, needs of the applicant, accessibility of the item, and local
industry and regional contexts.

If bold italicized text is shown in Performance Criteria, details of the text

are provided in the RangeStatement.
 MS Auditor Competences

Audit Criteria may  Regulations

include  Codes of Practice
 Standards
 Customer Requirements
 Contracts
 International Agreements
 Risk Management
 Project Plans
 Industry Best Practice
 Quality management
 Environmental management
 Occupational Health and Safety
 Food Safety/ HACCP
 Domestic and International Conventions
 MS Auditor Competences

Audit plan may include:  Opening meeting

 Timelines and schedules
 Scope and objective of audit
 Audit requirements and / or identification of
system documentation
 Resource requirements
 Sampling techniques
 Auditee provision of personnel for audit
 Safety of auditors
 Reporting procedures
 Distribution of reports
 Closing meeting
 Follow-up procedures
 Confidentiality requirements
 Roles and responsibilities of auditors
 Audit criteria
 MS Auditor Competences

 Analysis
Audit activities may  Sampling
include:  Determining information flows
 Evaluating the effectiveness of system controls
 Questioning
 Tracing
 Trend analysis
 Advanced management information systems
Audit findings may  Non conformance
include  Conformance
 Not able to beverified
 Observations
 Opportunity for improvement
 Strengths
 Weaknesses
 MS Auditor Competences

 Analysis
Audit activities may  Sampling
include:  Determining information flows
 Evaluating the effectiveness of systemcontrols
 Questioning
 Tracing
 Trend analysis
 Advanced management information systems
Audit findings may  Non conformance
include  Conformance
 Not able to beverified
 Observations
 Opportunity for improvement
 Strengths
 Weaknesses
 MS Auditor Competences

THE PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE EXAM INAT ION

Competency based examinations

Competency based examination is the process of collecting
evidence and making judgement on whether or notcompetency
has been achieved.

All examination systems should demonstrate compliance with

the four (4) technical principles ofexamination:
Validity
Reliability
Flexibility
Fairness
 MS Auditor Competences

Validity
A valid examination examines what it claims to examine;
evidence collected is relevant tothe activity and demonstrates
that the performance criteria have beenmet.

Reliability
Reliability refers to the consistency of the interpretation of
evidence and the examination outcome. To make reliable
examinations, examiners must be competent in terms of their
own examination competencies and have the relevant technical
competencies at least to the level being assessed.
 MS Auditor Competences

Flexibility
Flexibility in examination allows for examination either on or off
the job and at mutually convenient times and situations.

Fairness
A fair examination will not disadvantage any person andwill
take into account the characteristics of the person being
examined.
 MS Auditor Competences

Rules of Evidence

Evidence of competence must be:

• Valid
• Sufficient
• Current
• Authentic
 MS Auditor Competences

Valid Evidence

Evidence of competence must cover the broad range of

knowledge, skills and the application of such knowledgeand
skills specified in the defined competencies.

When examining against those competencies, examiners must

ensure that the evidence collected focuses on the appropriate
knowledge and skills specified in the Performance Criteria and
Evidence Guides.
 MS Auditor Competences

Sufficient Evidence

This relates to the amount ofevidence.

Examiners must collect enough evidence to satisfy that the

person being assessed is competent across all elements
according to the performance criteria, taking into account the
Range of Variables.

Toensure enough evidence of competence is collected, it may

be necessary or desirable to use a supplementary source of
evidence such as oral or written questioning case studies or
third party reports.
 MS Auditor Competences

Current Evidence

An examiner needs to determine the recency of the evidence of

competence.

The focus is on whether the person being examined hascurrent

competencies in examination.

The issue of currency of evidence is of particularconcern when

examining for the purposes of recognition of current
competencies.
 MS Auditor Competences

Authentic Evidence

Evidence needs to be checked for authenticity – that is,

it actually relates to the performance of the person
being assessed, and not that of another person.

To determine authenticity, validation of the evidence by a

third party may be necessary.
 MS Auditor Competences
AUDITING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - GENERAL
Competency Examination methods
Knowledge: 1. Written exam
 Reference standard;
 ISO 19011
Skills: 1. Live audit
 Audit preparation; 2.Simulated audit
 Audit (on-site); 3.Practical activities
 Audit reporting; 4.Written exam
 Audit follow-up.
All these skills require demonstration of:
 Understanding documentation;
 Sampling techniques;
 Context (religion, culture, social)
Personal attributes: 1. Live audit
 Communication (oral and written); 2.Simulated audit
 As per ISO 19011 clause 7.2 3.Oral exam (interview)
4.Written exam
Questions?