Scribd
Upload
594 views

Testing of Transformers: T.R.Sathyanarayana Rao

The document summarizes various types of tests conducted on transformers, including: - Routine tests like measurement of winding resistance, voltage ratio, losses and insulation resistance. - Special tests like dielectric, zero sequence impedance and short circuit tests. - Pre-commissioning tests involve measurements before installation like impedance voltage and load losses. - Diagnostic tests measure acoustic noise, currents of fans and pumps. Detailed procedures are provided for key tests like resistance, voltage ratio, losses and dielectric strength measurements.

Uploaded by

Basudev Patra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
594 views

Testing of Transformers: T.R.Sathyanarayana Rao

The document summarizes various types of tests conducted on transformers, including: - Routine tests like measurement of winding resistance, voltage ratio, losses and insulation resistance. - Special tests like dielectric, zero sequence impedance and short circuit tests. - Pre-commissioning tests involve measurements before installation like impedance voltage and load losses. - Diagnostic tests measure acoustic noise, currents of fans and pumps. Detailed procedures are provided for key tests like resistance, voltage ratio, losses and dielectric strength measurements.

Uploaded by

Basudev Patra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Testing Of Transformers

T.R.Sathyanarayana Rao.
Email : [email protected]
Tel: 080 23390918 Mobile: 94496 52508
Type Tests
Routine Tests.
Special Tests.
Pre commissioning Tests
Diagnostic Tests
Type Tests

•Measurement of Winding Resistance


•Measuring of Voltage Ratio
•Measurement of Voltage Vector
Relationship
•Measurement of No load Loss and Currents
•Measurement of Insulation Resistance.
•Dielectric Tests
•Temperature Rise Test
•Tests on On-Load Tap changers
Capacitive Charging Current
We are all familiar with the current required to charge the
capacitance of the insulation being tested. This current is initially
large but relatively short lived, dropping exponentially to a value
close to zero as the item under test is charged. Insulating.
Absorption or Polarization Current
Absorption current is actually made up of up to three components, which decay
at a decreasing rate to a value close to zero over a period of several minutes.
The first is caused by a general drift of free electrons through the insulation under
the effect of the electric field.

The second is caused by molecular distortion whereby the imposed electric field
distorts the negative charge of the electron shells circulating around the nucleus
toward the positive voltage.

The third is due to the alignment of polarized molecules within the electric field
applied. This alignment is fairly random in a neutral state, but when an electric field
is applied, these polarized molecules line up with the field to a greater or lesser
extent.
Surface Leakage Current
The surface leakage current is present because the surface of the insulation is
contaminated with moisture or salts. The current is constant with time and depends on
the degree of ionization present, which is itself dependent on temperature.
It is often ignored as a separate current, being included with the conduction current
below as the total leakage current.

Conduction Current
Conduction current is steady through the insulation and is usually represented by a
very high value resistor in parallel with the capacitance of the insulation. It is a
component of the Leakage Current, which is the current that would be measured when
the insulation is fully charged and full absorption has taken place. Note that it includes
surface leakage, which can be reduced or eliminated by the use of the guard terminal.
Dielectric Discharge Test

The Dielectric Discharge test (DD) is a relatively new test method that
was developed by EdF, France’s national power utility, and based on
years of research.

While the other methods mentioned measure the currents flowing


during the charging process, the DD test measures the current that
flows during discharge of the test sample. As such, it is not a pure
insulation resistance test but rather an adjunct to traditional insulation
tests.

The charge that is stored during an insulation test is automatically


discharged at the end of the test when the insulation tester’s discharge
resistors are switched across the terminals.
The rate of discharge depends only on the discharge resistors and the amount of
stored charge from the insulation. However, the capacitive charge is discharged
rapidly until the voltage across the insulation has reduced to almost zero. At that
time, the effect of leakagecurrents will be negligible. So only the reversal of
dielectric absorption is left.

This is known as dielectric reabsorption and is a mirror image of the dielectric


absorption
Current flowing after 1 minute (nA)
DD Value = _________________________
Test Voltage (V) x Capacitance (µF) mA /V/F

DD Value Insulation condition

More than 7 Bad

4-7 Poor

2-4 Questionable

Less than 2 OK
Routine Tests.
•Measurement of Winding Resistance
•Measuring of Voltage Ratio
•Measurement of Voltage Vector Relationship
•Measurement of No load Loss and Currents
•Measurement of Insulation Resistance.
•Dielectric Tests
•Tests on On-Load Tap changers
•Measurement of Impedance Voltage/
Short- circuit Impedance
Special Tests
•Dielectric Tests
•Measurement of Zero-Sequence Impedance of
3 Transformer
•Short –Circuit Test
•Measurement of Harmonics of No-load current
•Measurement of Acoustic noise level
•Measurement of power taken by fans and oil pumps
•Any other tests mutually agreed
Measurement of Winding Resistance
• The resistance of winding,the terminals between
it is measured and temperature of winding shall be recorder.
• Direct current shall be used.
• Self inductance effect shall be minimized.
• After the Transformer has been under oil without excitation
for at least 3 hours , the average temperature shall
deemed to be the same as the average oil temperature.
The average temperature of oil is taken as mean of top
and bottom oil Temperatures.
Measurement of Voltage Ratio
Check of Voltage Vector Relationship.

The Voltage Ratio shall be measured


on each tapping.
The Polarity of Single Phase Transformer
and Vector Symbol of Three Phase Transformer
shall be checked.
Measurement of Impedance Voltage /
Short circuit Impedance.

• Test shall be conducted at 25%--100%of rated

current, But preferably not less than 50%of

rated current .

• Test shall be conducted between all winding.

• Temperature shall be Uniform, Circulate

oil if necessary.
Measurement Of No-load Loss

•At rated frequency, and Voltage on the principal tap.

•Other Windings Open-Circuited.

•Delta winding Closed.( Tertiary / Stabilizing)


Measurement Of Insulation Resistance

The Insulation Resistance of each winding,


intern,To all other windings,core and frame
or tank connected together,and to earth
shall be measured.
The oil / air temperature shall be measured
and recorded.
Dielectric Tests

• Generally carried out at manufacturer’s works

at ambient Temperature.

• Transformers shall be fully assembled ,except

external Cooling and supervisory equipments.

• When non-linear elements or surge diverters

used for limiting Transferred over voltage

transients,this shall be notified.

continued
Dielectric tests consists of
a) Short duration Power frequency test.
b) Lightning Impulse test.
(as per IS 2026 part 3)
Winding are categorized depending upon Highest
system voltage, separately for uniform and non-uniform
insulation.
Each of the winding of a transformer is assigned a value
Of Highest Voltage, which is the maximum value of the
highest voltage of a system to which the winding may be
connected in respect of its insulation

continued
Separate source power frequency voltage withstand test

Is intended to verify the power frequency withstand

Strength of the winding under test to earth and other windings

Induced voltage withstand test is intended to verify the

power frequency withstand strength along the winding under test, between its

phases, and to earth and other windings.


continued
A full-wave lightning impulse test for line terminals is intended to verify
the impulse withstand strength of each line terminal to earth and other
windings,and along the Winding under test.

An impulse test for neutral terminal if specified, is intended to verify the


impulse withstand strength of neutral terminal to earth and other
winding.

continued
If a Transformer has already with stood
complete dielectric acceptance tests and if
the tests are to be repeated,The test voltage
level shall be reduced to 75% of original value
Unless otherwise agreed, and provided that
the internal insulation has not been modified
in the mean time.
Temperature Rise Test.

Direct Loading Method

Back to back Method

Short Circuit Method.


Tests on On-Load Tap-changers.

a) Eight complete operating cycle with transformer not energized.


b) One complete operating cycle with transformer not energized with 85% of
rated auxiliary supply voltage.
c) One complete operating cycle with transformer
energized at rated voltage and frequency at no load.
d) 10 Tap changer operations with ± 2 steps on either side of the principal
tapping with as far as possible the rated current of the transformer with one
winding short-circuited.
Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance.

The Zero Sequence Impedance is measured at


Rated frequency between line terminals of star-
connected Or Zig-Zag connected winding
connected together and its Neutral terminal.
It is expressed in ohms per phase and is given
by 3U/I Where U is the test voltage and I is the
test current.
If additional Delta winding provided, the
current In such winding shall not be excessive.

You might also like