Week 4: Control

Structures - Repetition

BJ Furman
17SEP2012
The Plan for Today
 Review control structures
 Sequence
 Selection
 Repetition
 Repetition structures
 While
 Do/While
 For
 Repetition structure example
Learning Objectives
 Explain the three basic types of control
structures
 Explain how the three kinds of repetition
structures work
 Apply the concept of repetition control
structures to a practical problem
Control Structures - Review
 All programs can be written in terms of three
control structures (like building blocks)
 Sequence
 ‘Built-in’ to C
 Unless otherwise directed, one statement after the next is
executed
 Selection (three types: IF, IF-ELSE, SWITCH)
 Depending on a condition, select between one statement or
another
 If var1 is greater than 10, do this…, else do that…
 Repetition (three types: WHILE, DO-WHILE, FOR)
 Depending on a condition, execute one or more statements
repeatedly
Selection Structure - Review
 Three kinds of selections structures
 IF (also called, ‘single-selection’)
 if condition is true
Perform action
 if condition is false, action is skipped
 IF/ELSE (also called, ‘double-selection’)
 if condition is true
Perform action
 else (if condition is false)
Perform a different action
 SWITCH (also called ‘multiple-selection’)
 Allows selection among many actions depending on the
value of a variable or expression
Repetition Structure
t=0
 Often need to repeat
an action or calculation
 Ex. Find and print the
distance traveled by an
object dropped from a t=10
height at t = 0 sec each
second over the next
10 seconds A dynamics problem (ME 101)
 
 Repetition structures
are often called ‘loops’
F  m a
mg

1 2
d  gt  v0t  d 0 Equation
of motion
2
3 Types of Repetition Structures
 while
 do/while
 for
 while tests a condition at the beginning of the loop
 condition must first be true for the loop to run even once
 do/while tests a condition at the end of the loop
 loop will run at least once
 for facilitates initializing and incrementing the variable
that controls the loop
 Especially helpful for:
 Looping for a known number of times
 Loops that count or that need to increment a variable
while Loop – Pseudocode wording
WHILE condition is TRUE, repeat:
Statement1
Statement2
Etc.
END WHILE
while Loop - Flowchart View
 Statement is
executed while
condition is true
 Note that the TRUE
condition statement
condition must
first be true in
order for the FALSE
statement to
be executed
even once
while loop C syntax
 General form of a while loop:
while(condition) /* while condition is TRUE (i.e., ! = 0) */
statement1; /* execute this statement */
 When condition becomes false (i.e. == 0),
looping stops and the next statement is
executed
 Compound statement form:
while(condition)
{
statement1;
statement2;
statement3; // etc.
}
Distance Dropped Program Development

 Define the problem

 Calculate and print the distance traveled each
second by an object dropped from a height in a
standard gravitational field beginning at t = 0 sec
over the next 10 seconds
 Simplify
1 2
 Assume v0 and d0 are both zero d  gt
2
 Inputs – are there any?
 Outputs
 time
 distance
Solution Algorithm Start Flowchart

Pseudocode Declare variables

1. Start
2. Declare variables: ____ Initialize variables

 d (distance traveled)
 t (time) T 1
(Are these good names?) t <= 10? d  gt 2
2
3. Initialize variables
F print t, d
4. While time is less than
or equal to 10 s t = t +1
calculate d while
print time loop
print distance Stop
increment time
5. Stop
Solution Code
 free_fall_d_vs_time.c
 Implements the program for the freely falling
mass
Practice - Procedure
 Procedure
 Divide into groups of 4
 Introduce yourselves
 Together (all four in the group)
 Define the problem
 Determine inputs and outputs
 Split into pairs (sub-groups)
 One pair – pseudocode the algorithm
 Other pair – flowchart the algorithm
 Swap one from each pair and share pseudocode and
flowchart
 Write code from flowchart or pseudocode
Practice - Problem
 Write a program that calculates the
average exam score for a class
 Specifications
 Prompts user for the number of scores to average
 Prompts user for each score

 Echoes each score entered

 Calculates the average score

 Prints out the average score

Practice - Solution
do/while Loop Structure
 General form of a do/while loop:
do
statement1; /* execute this statement */
while (condition); /* while condition is TRUE */
 When condition becomes false, looping
stops, and the next statement after the while
is executed
 Note: statement1 will be executed at least once
 Remember: to DO more than one statement in the
loop, enclose the statements in curly braces { }
 called a compound statement
do/while Structure – Flow Chart
 statement is executed
at least once
statement

TRUE
condition

FALSE
for Loop Structure
 General form of a for loop:
for(expression1; expression2; expression3)
statement1; /* execute this statement */
 expression1 initializes the variable controlling the loop
 i = 0;
 expression2 is the condition for continuing the loop
 i <= 10;
 expression3 increments the control variable
 i++ /* same as i=i+1 */
 Note that there is NO semicolon after expression3! or after the
closing parenthesis
 To execute more than one statement in the for loop, enclose them
in curly braces { }
for Loop Structure – Flow Chart
Initializes the loop
control variable:
ex. i = 0;
expression1

Tests the loop control

variable to see if it is
time to quit looping:
ex. i < 10; T
expression2 statement expression3

F
Increments the
loop control
variable:
ex. i++
for Loop Example
 double_it.c
 Prints out a table of integers from 0 to 10 in
one column and twice their value in a second
column
 break and continue Statements
 break immediately  continue skips
exits from a loop remaining statements
 Recall its use in the in the body of a
switch selection structure
int x;
repetition structure
for(x=1; x<=10; x++)
int x, y;
{
for(x=1; x<=10; x++)
if(x == 5)
{
break;
if(x == 5)
printf("%d ", x);
{
}
y = x;
printf("Broke out at x == %d\n",x);
continue;
}
1 2 3 4 Broke out at x == 5
printf("%d ", x);
}
printf("Skipped x == %d\n",y);

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 Skipped x == 5

Adapted from Deitel & Deitel, C How to Program, 3rd ed., p. 119
Appendix – Recap of Selection Structures
Selection Structure
 Three kinds of selections structures
 if (also called, ‘single-selection’)
 if condition is true
Perform action
 if condition is false, action is skipped
 if/else (also called, ‘double-selection’)
 if condition is true
Perform action
 else (if condition is false)
Perform a different action
 switch (also called ‘multiple-selection’)
 Allows selection among many actions depending on the
value of a variable or expression
IF statement (single-selection)
 Syntax
if(expression) /* if expression is TRUE (not equal to zero) */
statement1; /* then execute this statement */
statement2; /* otherwise execute this statement */
 Notes
 Indent statements
 Can have multiple statements
 Enclose a ‘block’ of statements using { } (curly braces)
if( x <= 2 )
{
statement1;
statement2;
}
statement3;
IF statement example
 Pseudocode (notice indentation!)
If speed is greater than 65 mph
print “You’re speeding!”
 C code
if(speed > 65)
printf(“You’re speeding!\n”);
 C code with statement block
if(speed > 65)
/* statements below executed only if speed > 65 is true */
{
printf(“You’re speeding!\n”);
printf(“Slow down!\n”);
printf(“Keep speed below 65 MPH\n”);
{
Single Selection IF - Flowchart
connector

flow line
action symbol
decision symbol
TRUE
Speed > 65 Print “You’re speeding!”

FALSE
IF-ELSE statement - Double Selection
 Syntax
if(expression) /* if expression is TRUE */
statement1; /* execute this statement */
else /* else execute the following statement */
statement2;
Notes:
 If expression is non-zero, statement1 is executed, then the
program continues with the statement after statement2,
i.e., statement2 is skipped
 If expression is equal to zero, statement1 is skipped and
statement2 is executed, then the program continues with
the statement after statement2
Double-Selection IF - Flowchart

FALSE TRUE
Print “Within limit” Speed > 65 Print “Over speed limit!”
IF-ELSE statement example
 Pseudocode (notice indentation!)
If speed is greater than 65 mph
print “Over speed limit!”
else
print “Within speed limit”
 C code
if(speed > 65)
printf(“Over speed limit!\n”);
else
printf(“Within limit\n”);
Relational Operators
Operations Associativity
::
Important for constructing () [] left to right
the decision expression Function_name() right to left
. -> left to right
‘ ! ` ++ -- + - * right to left
Practice &(type) sizeof
* / % .* ./ left to right
5 < 7 result is ____ + - left to right
<< >> left to right
5 > 7 result is _____ < <= > >= left to right
7 <= 7 result is ____ == != left to right
& left to right
8 >= 7 result is ____ ^ left to right
5 == 5 result is ____ | left to right
&& left to right
5 == 7 result is ____ ^^ left to right
5.0 == 5 result is ___ || left to right

6 != 5 result is ____ ?: right to left

= += -= *= /= %= |= right to left
<<= >>=
, left to right

Adapted from H. Cheng chap04.ppt, slide 5

Compound Condition - &&
 Logical operators for more complex
decisions
 Logical AND operator && (double ampersand)
 if(switch1 = = 0 && switch2 = = 1)
turn on the motor
 The condition evaluates to TRUE if and only if BOTH
expressions on either side of && evaluate to TRUE
 Note operator precedence
 Otherwise condition evaluates to FALSE
 Beware of ‘short circuit evaluation’
 Make the condition most likely to be FALSE the left-
most condition
Compound Condition - | |
 Logical operators for more complex
decisions, cont.
 Logical OR operator | | (double vertical bar)
 if(switch1 = = 0 || switch2 = = 1)
turn on the motor
 The condition evaluates to TRUE if one or the other
or both expressions on either side of && evaluate to
TRUE
 Note operator precedence
 Otherwise condition evaluates to FALSE
 Beware of ‘short circuit evaluation’
 Make the condition most likely to be TRUE the left-most
condition
Nesting selection structures
 Selection structures can Grade Determination for Overall Percentage (OP)
be stacked and nested
to handle more OP >= 90 ‘A’
sophisticated 80 <= OP < 90 ‘B’
decision/action
functionality 70 <= OP < 80 ‘C’
 Ex. Figuring grades 60 <= OP < 70 ‘D’
 Pseudocode 

Notes: OP < 60 ‘F’

 “an else is always
associated with the
nearest previous if”
(Darnell & Margolis, 1996)
 Use braces ({ })to clarify Adapted from Deitel & Deitel, C How to Program, 3rd ed., p. 64
the association of the
else for other situations
where the decision
structure is more
complicated
Nesting If/else – C Code – Two Ways

Or

Adapted from Deitel & Deitel, C How to Program, 3rd ed., p. 64

SWITCH
 Good when faced with
testing multiple
alternatives that depend
on a single variable
 The test is done once
 Must be an integral
expression
 int or char
 NOT float, double
 case items must be
constant integral
expressions
 No variables
 The structure is very
organized and readable
SWITCH - Flowchart

Adapted from Deitel & Deitel, C How to Program, 6th ed., p. 111
Review
References
 Darnell, P. A. & Margolis, P. E. (1996) C, a
software engineering approach, 3rd ed.,
Springer, New York.
 Cheng, H. H. (2010). C for Engineers and
Scientists: An Interpretive Approach,
McGraw-Hill, New York.
 Deitel, H. M. & Deitel, P. J. (2001). C How
to Program, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall, New
Jersey.
Nesting selection structures
/* File: ifc.c */
 Selection structures #include <stdio.h>
int main ()
can be stacked and {
int i;
nested to handle i = 10;
if(i==2 || i == 4)
more sophisticated {
printf("i = 2 or 4\n");
}
decision/action else if(i == 10)
{
functionality }
printf("i = 10\n");

else
{
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
return 0;
}

Adapted from H. Cheng chap05.ppt, slide 12

Operators Operations
::
Associativity

() [] left to right
Function_name() right to left
. -> left to right
‘ ! ` ++ -- + - * right to left
&(type) sizeof
* / % .* ./ left to right
+ - left to right
<< >> left to right
< <= > >= left to right
== != left to right
& left to right
^ left to right
| left to right
&& left to right
^^ left to right
|| left to right
?: right to left
= += -= *= /= %= |= right to left
<<= >>=
, left to right

Adapted from H. Cheng chap04.ppt, slide 5