Lecture 8:

Cell Theory
1673- Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Created a powerful
microscope
1665 – Robert Hooke
Observed cells in cork.
Coined the term "cells”.

Cork Cells
 1838 - Matthias Schleiden
A botanist who concluded that all plants are made of cells.

Typical Plant Cell

1839 - Theodor Schwann
A zoologist who concluded that all animals
are made of cells.

Nerve Cells
 1855 - Rudolph Virchow

A physician who did

research on cancer cells and
concluded
“Omnis cellula e cellula”.

“All cells are from other

pre-existing cells.”
 The Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of one or
more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in an organism.
3. Cells come only from pre-existing cells.
 Cells are Diverse…
both in size,
shape, and
internal
organization.
 How small can a cell be?

Mycoplasmas - bacteria that are 0.1 to 1.0 mm. (1/10

the size of regular bacteria).

Note: 1.0 mm = one millionth of a meter

 How big are cells?

• Human red blood cell = 8 µm in diameter

• Microscopic How big are cells?
(mostly)
• Measured in
microns µm
• (micrometers).

• A µm is one
millionth of a
meter =
• 10-9 m = one
thousandth of 1
mm.
 How big are cells?
• Largest cell on the
human body =
ovum
• Size=
• 1000 µm in diameter
(1 mm)
 How big are cells?

• Smallest cell in the human body =

sperm cell.
 Cell Structure
& Function

http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
 Cell Theory

1. All living things are made up of cells.

2. Cells are the smallest working units of all living
things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell
division.
Cite atleast one statement from the
Cell Theory.
 Cells

• Smallest living unit of an

organism
 Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
 Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotic
• Do not have structures
surrounded by membranes
• Few internal structures
• One-celled organisms,
Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
 Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
 “Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
 “Typical” Plant Cell

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Cell Parts
Organelles
“little organs”
Surrounding the
Cell
 Cell Membrane

• Outer membrane of cell

that controls movement in
and out of the cell
• Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Cell Wall
• Most commonly found in
plant cells & bacteria
• Supports & protects cells

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
 Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
 Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow material
to enter and leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions for
traits & characteristics

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Cytoplasm

• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around in
cell
• Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes &
floating throughout the
cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• “Powerhouse of the cell”
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell membrane
for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion,
and waste removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain
shape

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis
takes place

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Cell Types
Prokaryotes- simple cells that do not have
internal membranes
example = bacteria

Eukaryotes- more complex cells that do have

internal, membrane-bound structures
examples = plants and animals
 Examples
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Nucleus
 Key Differences:

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
• Lack a nucleus and other • Have a nucleus and other
membrane bounded membrane bounded structures.
structures.
• Have small ribosomes • Have large ribosomes
• DNA is not organized into • DNA is organized into
chromosomes chromosomes
• Flagella are not made of • Flagella are made of
microtubules and does not
have a 9+2 structure microtubules and have a 9+2
• Cell walls are made of structure
peptidoglycan, not cellulose • Cell walls are made of cellulose
What is the powerhouse of the cell?

a) Golgi bodies
b) Mitochondria
c) Vacuoles
d) Lysosomes
What organelle is responsible for the “digestion
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
”in the cell?
a) Golgi bodies
b) Mitochondria
c) Vacuoles
d) Lysosomes
 What organelle is responsible for the
“packaging of proteins” inside the cell?

a) Golgi bodies
b) Mitochondria
c) Vacuoles
d) Lysosomes
Cite the atleast 1 difference between
a eukaryotic from a prokaryotic cell?
Why don't animal cells have a cell
wall?(2 pts)