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Digital To Analog

This document discusses data traffic, congestion control, and quality of service (QoS). It begins by explaining that congestion control and QoS aim to manage data traffic. It then defines network congestion and describes congestion control techniques to prevent or remove congestion. It distinguishes between open-loop control, which prevents congestion, and closed-loop control, which removes existing congestion. Finally, it discusses QoS and techniques to improve it, including scheduling, traffic shaping, and resource reservation.

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Pikesh Patel
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64 views

Digital To Analog

This document discusses data traffic, congestion control, and quality of service (QoS). It begins by explaining that congestion control and QoS aim to manage data traffic. It then defines network congestion and describes congestion control techniques to prevent or remove congestion. It distinguishes between open-loop control, which prevents congestion, and closed-loop control, which removes existing congestion. Finally, it discusses QoS and techniques to improve it, including scheduling, traffic shaping, and resource reservation.

Uploaded by

Pikesh Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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24-1 DATA TRAFFIC

The main focus of congestion control and quality of


service is data traffic. In congestion control we try to
avoid traffic congestion. In quality of service, we try to
create an appropriate environment for the traffic. So,
before talking about congestion control and quality of
service, we discuss the data traffic itself.
Figure 24.1 Traffic descriptors
Figure 24.2 Three traffic profiles
24-2 CONGESTION

Congestion in a network may occur if the load on the


network—the number of packets sent to the network—is
greater than the capacity of the network—the number of
packets a network can handle. Congestion control refers
to the mechanisms and techniques to control the
congestion and keep the load below the capacity.
Figure 24.3 Queues in a router
Network Performance: Delay and throughput as functions of load
24-3 CONGESTION CONTROL

Congestion control refers to techniques and mechanisms


that can either prevent congestion, before it happens, or
remove congestion, after it has happened. In general,
we can divide congestion control mechanisms into two
broad categories: open-loop congestion control
(prevention) and closed-loop congestion control
(removal).

Topics discussed in this section:


Open-Loop Congestion Control
Closed-Loop Congestion Control
Figure 24.5 Congestion control categories
Retransmission Policy
• When to retransmit
– Lost Frame
– Lost Ack
– Damaged Frame

After Timer expiration


timer value too small– more retransmissions
timer value too large– delay in response to lost
segment.
Window policy
• What will be maximum size of window- in case
of sliding window protocol
Either you implement
- Go-Back N ARQ
- Selective Repeat ARQ
Acknowledgement Policy
• Selective Ack
• Cumlative Ack
Discarding policy
• In case of congestion
– Which packet to discard
• Low priority
• Newer Packet
• Discard the packet which is NOT nearest to destination

• When to discard
– Make sure , you are NOT discarding those packets which are
just about to enter the destination’s network.
Admission Policy
• If there are insufficient resources to handle the transmission, then
do not accept any more packets from sender.

• A router can deny establishing a virtual circuit connection if there is


a congestion.
Solutions to Open Loop Congestion

Selective repeat window is better


Should send cumulative acknowledgement
Higher priority packets should not be
discard
Closed Loop Congestion Control

• Backpressure
• Choke packet
• Implicit Signaling
• Explicit Signaling
Figure 24.6 Backpressure method for alleviating congestion
Figure 24.7 Choke packet
Congestion leads to –
discard of segments
transmission delay increase

Implicit Signaling- by symptom source will aware about congestion in


network. No communication is send to source from congested node. For
example, through delayed acknowledgments.

Explicit signal- network alerts sender or destination to slow down the rate of
transmission by sending signal that is included in packet that carry data. That
is why its different from choke packet.

 Backward signaling- warning source (opposite direction to congestion)


and take appropriate congestion corrective measures

 Forward signaling- warning destination (same direction to congestion)


and take appropriate congestion avoidance measures. Such as receiver
can slow down the acknowledgment
Quality of service (QoS)
• To provide good quality of service is to build a network with
enough capacity for whatever traffic will be thrown at it.
The name for this solution is over-provisioning.

• Quality of service mechanisms let a network


with less capacity meet application requirements just as
well at a lower cost.
Flow Characteristics
• Reliability
• Delay
• Jitter– variation in delay
• Bandwidth
TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE QoS

• Scheduling
•FIFO Queuing
• Priority Queuing
• Weighted Fair Queuing
• Traffic Shaping
•Leaky Bucket
•Token Bucket
• Resource Reservation
• Admission Control
Scheduling : FIFO queue
Scheduling : Priority queuing
• Priority queuing have problem of starvation
Scheduling : Weighted fair queuing
Traffic Shaping
• Traffic shaping is a technique for regulating/ controling the
average rate and burst-ness of a flow of data that enters the
network.
• The goal is to allow applications to transmit a wide variety of
traffic that suits their needs, including some bursts.
• SLA (Service Level Agreement)
Traffic Policing
• Traffic shaping reduces congestion and thus helps the
network live up to its promise.
• There is also the issue of how the provider can tell if
the customer is following the agreement and what to
do if the customer is not.
• Packets in excess of the agreed pattern might be
dropped by the network, or they might be marked as
having lower priority.
• Monitoring a traffic flow is called traffic policing.
Traffic Shaping : Leaky bucket
Traffic Shaping : Leaky bucket implementation
Note
A leaky bucket algorithm shapes bursty traffic into fixed-rate traffic by averaging the
data rate. It may drop the packets if the bucket is full.
Note
The token bucket allows bursty traffic at a regulated maximum rate.
Figure 24.21 Token bucket

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