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FM Radio

Frequency modulation (FM) is a type of analog modulation where the frequency of the carrier wave is varied according to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. The key characteristics of FM include the modulation index, which is the ratio of maximum frequency deviation to modulating frequency, and bandwidth, which depends on factors like maximum frequency deviation and modulating frequency based on formulas like Carson's Rule. Sample problems are provided to calculate values like bandwidth and modulation index for various FM signal parameters.

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Igho Silva
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57 views

FM Radio

Frequency modulation (FM) is a type of analog modulation where the frequency of the carrier wave is varied according to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. The key characteristics of FM include the modulation index, which is the ratio of maximum frequency deviation to modulating frequency, and bandwidth, which depends on factors like maximum frequency deviation and modulating frequency based on formulas like Carson's Rule. Sample problems are provided to calculate values like bandwidth and modulation index for various FM signal parameters.

Uploaded by

Igho Silva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

- type of analog modulation wherein


the frequency of the carrier is varied
according to the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal.
FM Voltage Equation:
eFM = EC sin (ωCt + mf sin ωmt)
where:
eFM – instantaneous voltage of FM wave
EC – amplitude of original carrier wave
ωC – carrier angular velocity (2πfC)
mf – modulation index
ωm – modulating signal angular velocity
(2πfm)
Modulation Index (mf)

- the ratio of the maximum


frequency deviation to the
modulating frequency
Percentage of Modulation (%M)

- the ratio of the actual deviation to


the maximum deviation expressed in
percentage
FM BANDWIDTH

- for every modulating frequency (fm)


in FM, infinite pairs of sidebands
result
Bandwidth of FM Wave

1. Exact Bandwidth

BW = 2 fm n

where n – number of significant


sideband pair from the Bessel
Function Table
2. Approximate Bandwidth

BW = 2 (mf +1) fm

3. Carson’s Rule
BW = 2 (δ + fm)
From: BW = 2 (δ + fm)
Case I: If fm >> δ
BW ≈ 2 fm -- Narrow band FM

Case II: If δ >> fm


BW ≈ 2 δ -- Wide band FM
Sample Problems:

1. Assuming a modulation index of 2


and fm,max of 2.5 kHz, determine the
exact bandwidth.
2. What is the relative amplitude of
the third pair of sidebands of an FM
signal with m = 6?
3. A 200-kHz carrier is modulated by a
2.5-kHz signal. The fourth pair of
sidebands is spaced from the carrier
by _____.
4. Compute the bandwidth if the
maximum frequency deviation is 5
kHz and a maximum modulating
frequency of 2.5 kHz.
5. An FM transmitter has a maximum
deviation of 12 kHz and a maximum
modulating frequency of 12 kHz. The
bandwidth by Carson’s Rule is
_____.
6. What is the bandwidth of a narrow
band FM signal that is generated by
a 5 kHz audio signal modulating a 15
MHz carrier?
7. A 100-MHz carrier is deviated 50
kHz by a 4-kHz signal. The
modulation index is _____.
8. The maximum deviation of an FM
carrier is 2 kHz by a maximum
modulating signal of 400 Hz. The
deviation ratio is _____.
9. What is the bandwidth required for
an FM signal in which the modulating
frequency is 2 kHz and the maximum
deviation is 10 kHz?

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