Operating Systems

Presented By: Ankit Patel

Heta Bhavsar
Mayuri Jani
Rajdeep Panchal
Rahul Neve
Siddharajsinh Gohil
Vijay Khandala

Center for Management Studies

 Introduction
 Operating System is a type of system Software without which your
computer can not work.
 Necessary for every computer for program run on it.
 Without O.S. Computer is useless.
 O.S. is perform some tasks like input from keyboard, sending output on a
display screen and keeping track of files.
 It’s also perform some advance future multitasking, multiprogramming.
 Responsible for Smooth & Efficient operation of entire computer system.
 Go by different names such as, Monitor, Executive, Supervisor, Controller
& Master Control Programs.
 Computer’s master control program.
 What is an Operating System?
 An operating system is the program that is loaded into the computer and
coordinates all the activities among computer hardware devices.

 Operating System is a main system control program that:

 supervises the overall operation of the computer
 allocates CPU time and main memory to programs running on the
computer
 provides an interface between the user and the hardware

 When you issue command, the OS translates it into code that the machine
can use.

 Examples: Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS, etc.

Conceptualizing an Operating System
 Computer System Structure
 Computer system can be divided into four components

 Hardware: Provides basic computing resources

 CPU, memory, I/O devices

 Operating system: Controls and coordinates use of hardware among

various applications and users

 Application programs: Define the ways in which the system resources

are used to solve the computing problems of the users.
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video
games, Railway reservation system

 Users: An individual or group of people who use an application.

Presented by: Heta bhavsar
 Functions of an Operating System
1. Job Management:
The OS sets up the order in which the programs should be processed
and accordingly sequences the job needed to be executed. In short, it
handles the scheduling of the job.

2. Memory Management:
As a memory manager, the OS handles allocation and reallocation of
memory space as required by various programs.

3. File Management:
The OS is responsible for creation and deletion of files and directories.
It also takes care of other file related activities such as organizing,
storing, retrieving, naming and protecting the files.
 Functions of an Operating (Cont…)
4. Device Management:
OS provides input/output subsystem between process and device driver.
It handles the device cache, buffers and interrupts .OS also detects
device failure and notifies the same to the user.

5. Error Recovery:
The Capacity of an OS to respond to errors
Presented by : is referred to as error
recovery. It enables the detection of errors and checks all programs
undergoing execution for errors.

6. Resources Management:
There are four resources that are controlled by an operating system, viz.,
Memory(Core), Processors(I/O channels, CPU), Devices(Tapes,
Disks etc.) and Information (File, Library etc.). The operating system
controls the devices being used. It establishes a list keeping track of all
the devices that are going to be used during the program execution and
depending on certain constraints.
Presented by : Mayuri Jani
 Different Types of Operating Systems
 Real Time Operating Systems:
 A real time OS is a very fast, relatively small OS.
 It is needed to run real-time applications.
 Real time OSs are often also embedded OSs, when they are built into
circuitry of a device and are not loaded from a disk drive.

 Examples:
 Control of laboratory experiments, Air traffic control
 Medical diagnostic equipments, Life support systems

 Single-User / Single-Tasking Operating Systems:

 An OS that allows a single user to perform just one task at a time.
 To a user, a “task” is a function such as printing a document, writing a
file to disk, etc…

 Example:
 MS-DOS & Palm OS
 Different Types of Operating Systems
 Single-User / Multi-Tasking Operating Systems:
 It allows a single user to perform two or more functions at once.
 The multi-tasking features of OS have greatly increased the productivity
of people in a large variety of jobs because they can accomplish more in
a shorter period of time.
 The disadvantages of a single-user/multitasking OS is the increased
size and complexity it needs to support multitasking.

 Examples:
 Microsoft Windows & Macintosh OS.
 Different Types of Operating Systems

 Multi-User / Multi-Tasking Operating Systems:

 It allows multiple users to use programs that are simultaneously
running on a single network server, called a terminal server.
 It gives each user a complete environment, called a user session,
on the server. Each user’s applications run within their user
session on the server separate from all other user sessions.
 The software that makes this possible is called a Terminal Client.
 A disadvantage is that if the network connection to the server is
broken, the cannot do any work in applications on the server.

 Example:
 UNIX, Mainframe OS.
 Different Types of Operating Systems
 Batch Processing System:
 Different Types of Operating Systems
 Batch Processing System:
 One of Oldest method of running programs.
 In Batch processing same type of jobs batch (BATCH- a set of jobs with
similar needs) together and execute at a time. Its major task is to transfer
control from one job to the next.
 The job is submitted to the computer operator in form of punch cards. At
some later time the output appeared.
 Common Input devices were card readers and tape drives. Common
output devices were line printers, tape drives, and card punches.
 Users did not interact directly with the computer systems, but he prepared
a job (comprising of the program, the data, & some control information)
 Input data are introduced into the computer & processed automatically,
one by one without user intervention.
 Appropriate for Processing Payroll or preparation of customer statements.
 Different Types of Operating Systems
 Multiprogramming:
 Multiprogramming is the name given to the interleaved execution of two or more
different & independent programs by the same computer.
 Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of programs simultaneously by
a single processor.
 In Multiprogramming, number of processes resides in main memory at a time.
 Multiprogramming offer a more efficient approach to increase system performance.
 The OS picks and begins to executes one of the jobs in the main memory.
 If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU switches from that job to another
job.
 Hence CPU in not idle at any time.

.
Operation Of Multiprogramming
Main
Memory

Supervisor
Writing
Prog. A
Output Data
Prog. B
Program
C (waiting
Secondary for CPU)
Disk Storage

CPU
Presented by : Siddharajsinh Gohil
Operating Systems Types – Basic Terminology

 Multi-tasking – A computer's capability to run multiple applications at

the same time.

 Multi-processing – Allows a computer to have two or more CPUs

(Central Processing Unit) that programs share.

 Multi-threading – The capability of a program to be broken into

smaller parts that can be loaded as needed by the OS. Multi-threading
allows individual programs to be multi-tasked.

 Today, almost all operating systems are multi-user, multi-tasking, and

support multi-threading.
Basic DOS Commands
Presented by : Rajdeep Panchal
 PC Operating Systems
 Disk Operating System (DOS):

 DOS originally came into widespread use in the 1980s, with the
appearance of the IBM PC.

 Two versions.

(1) The first was PC DOS , which IBM released with its computers.

(2) The other was Microsoft’s version of DOS, known as MS-DOS, which
was used on millions of “IBM-compatible” PCs.

 Characteristics:
 A single user, single tasking operating system.
 Was given a graphical user interface and limited multitasking capabilities
by combining it with Microsoft Windows.
 PC Operating Systems (Cont…)
 Windows 9x (Microsoft Windows 95, 98, ME ):
 The term Windows 9x is used when referring to any member of the closely
related threesome: Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me.
 Windows 9x systems are designed to be run and maintained by a single user.

1) Windows 95:
 Microsoft began replacing its DOS/Windows combination in 1995 with the
Windows 95 operating system.
 Characteristics:
 Advance operating system.
 Graphical user interface.
 True multitasking capabilities.
 Networking capabilities.
 Multimedia capabilities.
 PC Operating Systems (Cont…)
2) Windows 98:
 Microsoft introduced an enhanced version of Windows 95 in 1998.

 Characteristics:
 Enhanced Internet capabilities.
 Active Desktop.

3) Windows Me (Millennium Edition):

 In 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me, the last member of the Windows
9x family.

 Characteristics:
 Improved multimedia capabilities, built-in support for digital video editing.
 Enhanced Internet Features.
 PC Operating Systems (Cont…)
 Windows NT (New technology) Workstation :

 Microsoft released Window NT, a 32-bit operating systems for PCs, in

1993.

 Windows NT Workstations supports networking.

 Characteristics:
 powerful, multitasking, multiuser network operating system.
 Installed on network servers to manage client/server networks and on
PCs with high performance requirements.
 Microsoft merged its Windows 98 and Windows NT products into the
Windows 2000 operating system during the year 2000.
 PC Operating Systems (Cont…)
 Windows 2000 Professional :
 Released in 2000. Windows 2000 combines the user friendly interface and
features of Windows 98 with the file system, networking, power, and
stability of Windows NT and some new and improved features.
 Microsoft developed four versions of Windows 2000: Windows 2000
Professional for the desktop and three versions especially for network
servers.

 Characteristics / Versions available:

 Professional: a full-featured OS for PC desktops and laptops.
 Server: a multipurpose OS for network servers and web servers in smaller
networks.
 Advance Server: a network OS to manage large networks and web-sites
powered by server farms of many servers.
 Datacenter Server: a high performance network OS for large-scale
business applications, such as online transaction processing.
 PC Operating Systems (Cont…)
 Windows XP :
 Windows XP, released in October 2001.
 Windows XP is available in several different products: Windows XP
Professional, Windows XP Home, Windows XP Media Center
Edition, and Windows XP Embedded.
 With Windows XP, Microsoft consolidated its consumer-grade and
enterprise desktop operating systems into one environment.

 Characteristics:
 Digital media support.
 Advance networking and communications.
 Advance mobile computing.
 Less likely to stall or crash than Windows 9x.
Presented by: Vijay khandala
 PC Operating Systems (Cont…)
 The Macintosh Operating System :
 Mac OS works only on Macintosh computers.
 The current version is called Mac OS System X(ten), which has had four
major releases. The latest release is Mac OS X Panther, also called
version 10.3.

 Characteristics:
 New graphical user interface.
 Advance multitasking & multimedia capabilities.
 New suits of Internet services called iTools.
 PC Operating Systems (Cont…)
 UNIX for the Desktop :
 Originally developed by AT&T, UNIX is now offered by other vendors,
including Solaris by Sun Microsystems and AIX by IBM.
 It requires many commands to do even simple tasks.

 Characteristics:
 Multitasking and multiuser systems.
 Network-managed OS whose portability allows it to run on mainframes,
midrange computers, and microcomputers.
 It has been popular for high-powered workstations.
 PC Operating Systems (Cont…)
 Linux for the Desktop :
 New version of UNIX.
 Linux Torvald of Finland and millions of programmers around the world
developed Linux as a free or low cost shareware or open source software
over the internet in the 1990’s.

 Characteristics:
 Multitasking operating system that supports multiple users and multiple
processors.
 Linux can support almost any type of applications.
 The biggest non technical difference between UNIX & Linux is price.
 Linux is a multiuser, multitasking system with a full set of UNIX-
compatible tools.
 Main design goals are speed, efficiency, and standardization
 PC Operating Systems (Cont…)
 Windows Vista:
• Windows Vista is a line of operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on
personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet
PCs, and media center PCs.
• On January 30, 2007, it was released worldwide. Windows Vista is known by its
codename "Longhorn.
• However, with an estimated 330 million internet users as of January 2009, it has
been announced that Vista usage had surpassed Microsoft’s pre-launch two-
year-out expectations of achieving 200 million users. As of the end of August
2009, Windows Vista (with approximately 380 million internet users) is the
second most widely used OS on the internet with an approx. 23% market share.
 Characteristics:
• Updated graphical user interface,
• A redesigned search function, multimedia tools including Windows DVD Maker,
and redesigned networking, audio, print, and display sub-systems.
• Improve the state of security in the Windows operating system
Presented by : Rahul Neve
 Network Operating Systems
 A NOS is an OS that is designed to run on a network server dedicated to
providing various services to other computers on the network.
 The other computers are called client computers, and each computer that
connects to a network server must be running client software designed to
request a specific service.
 All of today’s desktop OS include support for some basic services, such
as file and print sharing, over a network.
 Network OS are optimized to provide network services with support for
multiple processors.
 Schemes in which one network server is a “mirror” of another server and
is available immediately if the first server fails.
 Network Operating Systems (cont…)
 Windows NT Server:
 While it shares the same core as Windows NT Workstation, Windows NT
Server has additional capabilities.
 It has security features for grouping and authenticating users and
controlling their access to network resources.
 It supports the use of many hard disks, working together to store huge
amounts of data.
 It also can be configured to provide redundancy of data, writing the same
data to multiple disks, so it is preserved in case one disk fails.
 Network Operating Systems (cont…)
 Windows 2000 Server:
 Introduce in 2000, Microsoft Windows Server is available as three
products, all of which supports managing very large stores of data about
the users of the network and the computer resources of the network.
 A generic term for such a specialized database is “enterprise directory”
. One of the many things Windows 2000 server can do that Windows
2000 Professional can not is to manage a directory with a specialized
service called Active Directory.
1) Server Standard Edition.
2) Advance Server.
3) Data Center Server.
 Network Operating Systems (cont…)
 Windows Server 2003:
 Microsoft extended its Windows Server system line with Windows Server
2003, introduced in April 2003 as two products.
 This server OS was designed to support a set of technologies Microsoft
dubbed the .NET Framework.

1) Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition:

 Used for the average business.
 Support for up to two processors.
2) Data Center Server:
 Most powerful server editions for use as a large-scale application
servers such as a database servers.
 Network Operating Systems (cont…)
 Novell Netware:
 Net Ware (developed by Novell, Inc.) was one of the earliest and most
popular network OS in terms of number of installments through the 1980s
and into the 1990s.
 The benefit of the Net Ware server product is the long-term reliability of
the product.
 Novell offers two Linux Server products, SuSE Enterprise & SuSE
Standard.
 Network Operating Systems (cont…)
 UNIX for Servers:
 UNIX remains a very frequently chosen OS for internet host computers.
 UNIX is widely used on Web servers, especially those that support online
transactions and make heavy use of databases.
 UNIX has long been the OS of choice for the most critical servers of the
Internet, such as those maintain the lists of Internet domain names.

 Linux for Servers:

 Server OS for providing Internet & networking services.
 It is cost-effective alternative to other OS for sharing files, applications,
printers, modems, and Internet services.
 Embedded Operating Systems
 An Embedded Operating system is on that is built into the circuitry
of an electronic device, unlike as PC’s operating systems, which
resides on a magnetic disk.
 Embedded OS are now found in a wide variety of devices, including
appliances, automobiles, bar code scanner, cell phone, medical
equipment, and personal digital assistants.
 The most popular embedded OS for consumer products, include the
following:

1) Windows XP Embedded:
 It is based on the Windows XP Professional OS.
Embedded Operating Systems (cont…)
2) Windows CE .NET.
 Designed specially for embedded devices requiring a real time
OS.
 It supports wireless communications, multimedia, and Web
browsing .
 It also allows for the use of smaller version of MS-Word, Excel,
& Outlook.

3) Palm OS:
 Standard OS for Palm-brand PDAs as well as other handheld
devices.
 The Palm OS continues to be used in other systems, such as
cell phones and other small devices.
 Embedded Operating Systems (cont…)

4) Pocket PC OS:
 It is specific type of OS that Microsoft developed to use in direct
competitions with the Palm OS on PDAs.
 The latest version gives users the ability to securely access data
from a business network via a handheld device, and it gives
system administrators the ability to manage and control a PC or
server via a wireless network connection.

5) Symbain:
 It is an OS found in “smart” cell phones from Nokia and Sony
Ericsson that feature options such as touch screens, games,
multimedia functions, and Internet connectivity.