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Ee6401 Electrical Machines - I

This document provides an overview of key concepts in magnetic circuits and electrical machines: 1. It defines magnetic circuits and flux, and describes how magnetic materials like iron guide magnetic fields. 2. It covers the laws governing magnetic circuits including flux, field strength, flux density, magnetomotive force, reluctance, and properties of magnetic materials. 3. It discusses different types of electromotive force (EMF) including self-induced, mutually-induced, and dynamically-induced EMF, as well as losses from hysteresis and eddy currents. 4. It concludes by introducing transformers as a magnetically coupled circuit that transfers energy from one circuit to another through mutual induction of electromotive forces.

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SindhujaSindhu
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93 views

Ee6401 Electrical Machines - I

This document provides an overview of key concepts in magnetic circuits and electrical machines: 1. It defines magnetic circuits and flux, and describes how magnetic materials like iron guide magnetic fields. 2. It covers the laws governing magnetic circuits including flux, field strength, flux density, magnetomotive force, reluctance, and properties of magnetic materials. 3. It discusses different types of electromotive force (EMF) including self-induced, mutually-induced, and dynamically-induced EMF, as well as losses from hysteresis and eddy currents. 4. It concludes by introducing transformers as a magnetically coupled circuit that transfers energy from one circuit to another through mutual induction of electromotive forces.

Uploaded by

SindhujaSindhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE6401 ELECTRICAL

MACHINES – I
UNIT 1- MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND MAGNETIC
MATERIALS
• Magnetic circuits
• Laws governing magnetic circuits
• Flux linkage, Inductance and energy
• Statically and Dynamically induced EMF
• Torque
• Properties of magnetic materials, Hysteresis and Eddy Current losses
• AC excitation, introduction to permanent magnets
• Transformer as a magnetically coupled circuit.
Magnetic Circuits
• In a magnetic circuit, the magnetic lines of force leaves the north
poles passes through the entire circuit and return the starting point.
• A magnetic circuit usually consist of materials having high
permeability such as iron , soft steel etc.,
• These materials offer very small opposition to the flow of magnetic
flux . consider a coil of N turns would on an iron core
Magnetic circuit
Magnetic Material
Magnetic materials are classified based on the property called permeability
as
1. Dia Magnetic Materials
• The materials whose permeability is below unity are called Dia magnetic materials.
They are repelled by magnet.
• Ex. Lead, gold, copper, glass, mercury
2. Para Magnetic Materials
• The materials with permeability above unity are called Para magnetic materials. The
force of attraction by a magnet towards these materials is low.
• Ex.: Copper Sulphate, Oxygen, Platinum, Aluminum.
3. Ferro Magnetic Materials
• The materials with permeability thousands of times more than that of paramagnetic
materials are called Ferro magnetic materials. They are very much attracted by the
magnet.
• Ex. Iron, Cobalt, Nickel.
Laws Governing Magnetic Circuits

1. Magnetic flux:
• The magnetic lines of force produced by a magnet is called magnetic flux. It
is denoted by ɸ and its unit is Weber.
2. Magnetic field strength
• This is also known as field intensity, magnetic intensity or magnetic field,
and is represented by the letter H. Its unit is ampere turns per metre
3.Flux density
• The total number of lines of force per square metre of the cross-sectional
area of the magnetic core is called flux density, and is represented by the
symbol B. Its SI unit (in the MKS system) is testa (weber per metre square).
4 .Magneto-Motive Force
• The amount of flux density setup in the core is dependent upon five factors - the current, number of turns,
material of the magnetic core, length of core and the cross-sectional area of the core. More current and the
more turns of wire we use, the greater will be the magnetizing effect. We call this product of the turns and
current the magneto motive force (mmf), similar to the electromotive force (emf).
MMF = NI ampere - turns
Where mmf is the magneto motive force in ampere turns
N is the number of turns, A.
5.Magnetic Reluctance
• In the magnetic circuit there is something analogous to electrical resistance, and is called reluctance,
(symbol S). The total flux is inversely proportional to the reluctance and so if we denote mmf by ampere
turns. we can write
6. Residual Magnetism
• It is the magnetism which remains in a material when the effective magnetizing force has been reduced to
zero.
7. Magnetic Saturation
• The limit beyond which the strength of a magnet cannot be increased is called magnetic
saturation.
8. End Rule
• According to this rule the current direction when looked from one end of the coil is in clock wise
direction then that end is South Pole. If the current direction is in anti clock wise direction then
that end is North Pole.
9. Len’s Law
• When an emf is induced in a circuit electromagnetically the current set up always opposes the
motion or change in current which produces it.
10. Electro magnetic induction
• Electromagnetic induction means the electricity induced by the magnetic field Faraday's Laws of
Electro Magnetic Induction
• There are two laws of Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction. They are,
First Law
Whenever a conductor cuts the magnetic flux lines an emf is induced in the conductor.
Second Law
The magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux-linkages.
11. Fleming's Right Hand Rule
Flux Linkage, Inductance and Energy

1. Flux Linkage
• When flux is changing with time and relative motion between the
coils flux exist between both the coils or conductors and emf induces
in both coil and the total induced emf e is given as
2 Inductance and Energy
• A coil wound on a magnetic core, is used frequently used in electric
circuits. The coil may be representsd by an ideal circuit element called
inductance which is defined as the flux linkage of the coil per ampere
of its circuit.
Statically And Dynamically Induced Emf.

Induced electro motive forces are of two types. They are,


i) Dynamically induced emf.
ii) Statically induced emf .
1 Statically Induced Emf
• Statically Induced emf is of two types. They are
1 .Self induced emf
2. Mutually induced emf.
1 Self Inductuced emf

• Self induction is that phenomenon where by a change in the current in a


conductor induces an emf in the conductor itself. i.e. when a conductor is given
current, flux will be produced, and if the current is changed the flux also changes,
as per Faraday's law when there is a change of flux, an emf will be induced. This is
called self induction. The induced emf will be always opposite in direction to the
applied emf. The opposing emf thus produced is called the counter emf of self
induction.
• Uses of Self induction
1. In the fluorescent tubes for starting purpose and to reduce the voltage.
2. In regulators, to give reduced voltage to the fans.
3. In lightning arrester.
4. In auto- transformers.
5. In smooth choke which is used in welding plant.
2 Mutually Induced EMF

• It is the electromagnetic induction produced by one circuit in the near by


second circuits due to the variable flux of the first circuit cutting the
conductor of the second circuit, that means when two coils or circuits are
kept near to each other and if current is given to one circuit and it is
changed, the flux produced due to that current which is linking both the
coils or circuits cuts both the coils, an emf will be produced in both the
circuits. The production of emf in second coil is due to the variation of
current in first coil known as mutual induction.
Uses:
1. It is used in ignition coil which is used in motor car.
2. It is also used in inductance furnace.
3. It is used for the principle of transformer
Dynamically induced EMF
• Dynamically induced emf means an emf induced in a conductor when
the conductor moves across a magnetic field. The Figure shows when
a conductor “A”with the length “L” moves across a “B” wb/m2.
• Flux density with “V” velocity, then the dynamically induced emf is
induced in the conductor. This induced emf is utilized in the
generator. The quantity of the emf can be calculated using the
equation
emf= Blv volt
Dynamically induced EMF
Hysteresis loss

• Hysteresis loss occurs in the armature of the d.c. machine since any
given part of the armature is subjected to magnetic field reversals as
it passes under successive poles.
Ph=B16maxfV watts
where Bmax = Maximum flux density in armature
• f = Frequency of magnetic reversals
• V = Volume of armature in m3
• h = Steinmetz hysteresis co-efficient
Eddy current loss
• In addition to the voltages induced in the armature conductors, there are also
voltages induced in the armature core. These voltages produce circulating
currents in the armature core These are called eddy currents and power loss due
to their flow is called eddy current loss. The eddy current loss appears as heat
which raises the temperature of the machine and lowers its efficiency.
Eddy current loss, Pe = KeB2f2t2v watts
where ,
• Ke = Constant
• B = Maximum flux density in Wb/m2
• f = Frequency of magnetic reversals in Hz
• t = Thickness of lamination in m
• V = Volume of core in m3
Transformer As A Magnetically Coupled Circuit
• A two winding transformer where R1 and R2 are the primary and
secondary winding resistance. The primary current i1 into the dotted
terminal produces

Core flux = ɸ21


Leakage flux = ɸ1
Total flux = ɸ1 + ɸ21

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