ASTU

CSE 1061 Fundamentals of Programming

Lecture #1

Spring 2016

Computer Science & Engineering Program

The School of EE & Computing
Adama Science & Technology University
 ASTU

Problem Solving and Computer Programming

– Problem solving life cycle
– Basics of programming language

Case study: Heat Transfer

Guess a Number Game

Reading assignment
– Chapter 1 of the textbook
– Read about
 Computer Storage
 How a computer runs programs?
 Pseudo Code and Flowchart
-Heat Transfer Notes
http://www.freestudy.co.uk/heat%20transfer/

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Outline ASTU

• Problem Solving Life Cycle

– Phase 1: Development
– Phase 2: Documentation
– Phase 3: Maintenance
• Basics of Programming Language
– Programming Languages
• Low level and High level languages
• Compiled vs. Interpreted
• Procedural and Object Oriented
– Compilation in C++
– General Notes on C++
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Software Development ASTU

• Computer Program
– Self-contained set of instructions used to
instruct a computer to produce specific result

• Problem Solving Life Cycle

– Also called Software Development Procedure

– Helps developers understand the problem

to be solved and create an effective, a
ppropriate software solution
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Problem Solving Life Cycle ASTU

• Requirement
• Phase 1: Development
– Analysis
– Design
– Coding
– Testing
• Phase 2: Documentation
• Phase 3: Maintenance

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Requirement ASTU

• Request for a program or statement of a

problem
• After a program requirement is received,
phase 1 begins.
• In the real world, it is a complex task of
extracting and documenting user
requirements

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Phase 1: Development ASTU

• Step 1: Analyze the Problem

– Determine and understand the output items
the program must produce

– Determine the input items

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Phase 1: Development ASTU

• Step 2: Develop a Solution

– Select the exact set of steps, called
an “algorithm”, to solve the problem
– Refine the algorithm
• Start with initial solution in the analysis step until
you have an acceptable and complete solution
– Check solution
• ***Read about Pseudo Code & Flowchart

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Phase 1: Development ASTU

• Step 3: Code the Solution

– Consists of actually writing a C++ program
that corresponds to the solution developed i
n Step 2
– Program should contain well-defined
patterns or structures of the following types:

• Sequence
• Selection
• Iteration
• Invocation

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Phase 1: Development ASTU

• Step 3: Code the Solution

– Sequence: Defines the order in which
instructions are executed
– Selection: Allows a choice between different
operations, based on some condition
– Iteration: Allows the same operation to be
repeated based on some condition
• Also called looping or repetition
– Invocation: Involves invoking a set of
statements when needed

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Phase 1: Development ASTU

• Step 4: Test and Correct the Program

– Testing: Method to verify correctness and
that requirements are met
– Bug : A program error
– Debugging : The process of locating an
error, and correcting and verifying
the correction
– Testing may reveal errors, but does not
guarantee the absence of errors

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Phase II: Documentation ASTU

• Five main documents are needed:

– Program description
– Algorithm development and changes
– Well-commented program listing
– Sample test runs
– Users' manual

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Phase III: Maintenance ASTU

• Ongoing correction of newly discovered

bugs
• Revisions to meet changing user needs
• Addition of new features
• Usually the longest phase
• Good documentation vital for effective
maintenance

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Computer Hardware ASTU

• Computer hardware: Components that

support the capabilities of the computer
ALU CU

CPU

Input Devices Main Memory

Output Devices

Secondary Memory

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Computer Software ASTU

• Application software: Programs written

to perform particular tasks for users
• System software: Collection of programs
to operate the computer system

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Computer Software ASTU

• Operating system: The set of system pr

ograms used to operate and control a
computer
• Tasks performed by the OS include:
– Memory management
– Allocation of CPU time
– Control of input and output
– Management of secondary storage devices

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A Layered View of the Computer ASTU

Application Programs
Word-Processors, Spreadsheets,
Database Software, IDEs
System Software
Compilers, Interpreters, Preprocessors
Operating System, Device Drivers
Computer Hardware

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Programming Languages ASTU

• Programming: Process of writing a

program, or software
• Programming language
– Set of instructions used to construct a pro
gram
– Comes in a variety of forms and types

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Low and High Level Languages ASTU

• Low-level languages: Languages that

use instructions tied directly to one type
of computer
– machine language, assembly language
• High-level languages: Instructions
resemble written languages, such as
English
– Can be run on a variety of computer types
– Visual Basic, C, C++, Java

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Low and High Level Languages ASTU

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Machine Language ASTU

• Machine language programs : only

programs that can actually be used to
operate a computer
– Also referred to as object codes
– Consists of a sequence of instructions c
omposed of binary numbers
• Contains two parts: an instruction and an
address
Operation Address
0010 0000 0000 0100
0100 0000 0000 0101
0011 0000 0000 0110 21
Assembly Language ASTU

• Assembly language programs: Substi

tute word-like symbols, such as ADD, SUB, a
nd MUL, for binary opcodes
– Use decimal numbers and labels for memor
y addresses
– One-to-one correspondence
• Usually, each line of assembly code produces one ma
chine instruction
– Example: ADD 1, 2
• Assemblers: Translate programs into machi
ne language
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High Level Language ASTU

• One-to-many correspondence
– Each statement corresponds to several m
achine language instructions
• Much easier to program than in a
ssembly language.
• Data are referenced using descriptive n
ames
• Operations can be described using f
amiliar symbols
• Example:
cost = price + tax
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Compiled vs. Interpreted ASTU

• Interpreted: Each statement is translated

individually and executed immediately
after translation
• Compiled: All statements are translated
and stored as an executable program, or
object program; execution occurs later
• C++ is predominantly a compiled language

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Source Code ASTU

• The programs written in a high or

low-level language
• It is written by the programmer.
• Can be compiled automatically into
object code or machine code or
executed by an interpreter.
• C++ source programs have extension
‘.cpp’ or ‘.h’

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Compiler ASTU

• Translates high-level language to

machine language.
• Input to a compiler is the source code
• Output from the compiler is
the object code (.obj).

while (num != -1) { 00001111

sum += num; 00110011
count++; 11111111
Compiler
cin >> num; 00000000
} 11100111

Source File Object File

.cpp .obj
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Linker ASTU

• Combines your object code with

pre-compiled object libraries for
input/output etc.
• Input are the object files (.obj).
• Output is the executable file (.exe) in
Windows.
00001111
00110011 00001111
11111111 00110011
00000000 11111111 Linker
11100111 00000000
11100111

Object File
.obj
Executable File
Library Files .exe 27
.obj
Compilation Process in C++ ASTU

• C++ actually adds an extra step to the

compilation process
– the code is run through a preprocessor,
which applies some modifications to the sou
rce code, before being fed to the compiler.
Eg. Removing comment

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Program in Memory ASTU

• The purpose of most application

programs is to process data to produce
specific results

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General Notes on C++ ASTU

• C++ is immensely popular

– particularly for applications that require
speed and/or access to some low-level
features.
• It was created in 1979 by
Bjarne Stroustrup
– at first as a set of extensions
– to the C programming language.

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General Notes on C++ ASTU

• You can write graphical programs in

C++
– it is much harder and less portable than text
based(console)programs.
– We will be sticking to console programs in t
his course.
• Everything in C++ is case sensitive:
– someName is not the same as SomeName.

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Case Study: Heat Transfer ASTU

•  The following formula is used to

determine the heat transferred through
a flat substance, such as a wall, with it
s two sides maintained at different
temperatures:

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Case Study: Heat Transfer ASTU

– q is the heat transfer.

– k is the thermal conductivity of the
substance in watts/m°C.
– T2 is the higher temperature on one side of t
he substance in °C.
– T1 is the lower temperature on the other
side of the wall in °C.
– d is the thickness of the substance in
meters.

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Case Study: Heat Transfer ASTU

• Determine the units of q

– by calculating the units resulting from the
right side of the formula.
• A glass window
• thickness of 0.5 centimeters,
• thermal conductivity of 0.77 watts/m°C, and
• outside and inside temperatures of 36.6°C &
22.2°,
• Determine the value of q.

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Case Study: Heat Transfer ASTU

• If you were asked to write a computer

program to determine the heat transfer
through a substance, what inputs,
outputs, and algorithm would your
program require?

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Case Study: Guess a Number Game ASTU

Step 1: Analyze the Problem

– The objective is to randomly generate an int
eger greater than or equal to 0 and less tha
n 100. Then prompt the player (user) to gue
ss the number.
– Input: Guessed Number
– Output: Guess is Correct or Guess is Higher,
or Guess is Lower

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Case Study: Guess a Number Game ASTU

Step 2: Develop a Solution

1. Accept guessed number from user
2. If the player guesses the number correc
tly, output an appropriate message.
3. If the guessed number is less than the r
andom number generated
display ‘‘guess is lower than the number. Guess aga
in!’’;
4. Otherwise
display ‘‘guess is higher than the number. Guess again!’’;

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Case Study: Guess a Number Game ASTU

Step 3: Then prompt the player to enter a

nother number.
Step 4: The player is prompted to guess t
he random number until the player enters
the correct number and stop after fixed n
o of trials .

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