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C/C++ Instructions: - Type Declaration Instruction

The document discusses different types of instructions in C/C++ programs including type declaration, arithmetic, and control instructions. Type declaration is used to declare variable types like int, float, and char. Arithmetic instructions perform operations using variables and constants connected by operators like +, -, *, and /. Control instructions specify the execution order of statements using sequence, selection, repetition, and case control.

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Mir Fida Nadeem
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56 views

C/C++ Instructions: - Type Declaration Instruction

The document discusses different types of instructions in C/C++ programs including type declaration, arithmetic, and control instructions. Type declaration is used to declare variable types like int, float, and char. Arithmetic instructions perform operations using variables and constants connected by operators like +, -, *, and /. Control instructions specify the execution order of statements using sequence, selection, repetition, and case control.

Uploaded by

Mir Fida Nadeem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C/C++ Instructions

• Type Declaration Instruction


– To declare the type of variables used in a C /C++
program.

• Arithmetic Instruction
– To perform arithmetic operations between
constants and variables
• Control Instruction
– To control the sequence of execution of various
statements in a C/C++ program.

1
Type Declaration Instruction
• This instruction is used to declare the type of
variables being used in the program.
• int hours, payrate, grosspay;
• float salary;
• char name;

2
Variations of type declaration instruction
• Initializing at declare time
– int x =10, y = 20;
– float a = 1.25, b = 1.99*2.4+1.5;
• Order of variable declaration
– int i = 10, j = 25 ;
is same as
– int j = 25, i = 10 ;
However,
– float a = 1.5, b = a + 3.1 ;
is alright, but
– float b = a + 3.1, a = 1.5 ;

3
Cont.
• The following statements would work
– int a, b, c, d ;
– a = b = c = 10 ;
• However, the following statement would not
work
– int a = b = c = d = 10 ;

4
Arithmetic Instruction
• C/C++ arithmetic instruction consists of
– variable name on the left hand side of =
– and variable names & constants on the right hand
side of =.
• The variables and constants appearing on the
right hand side of = are connected by
arithmetic operators like +, -, *, and /.

5
Example
• int ad ;
float kot, deta, alpha, beta, gamma ;
ad = 3200 ;
kot = 0.0056 ;
deta = 3.2 * 2 / 5 ;
• The variables and constants together are called
‘operands’ that are operated upon by the ‘arithmetic
operators’

6
Types of arithmetic statement
• Integer mode arithmetic statement
– This is an arithmetic statement in which all
operands are either integer variables or integer
constants.
Example:
• int i, king, issac, noteit ;
• i=i+1;
• king = issac * 234 + noteit - 7689 ;

7
Cont.
• Real mode arithmetic statement
– This is an arithmetic statement in which all
operands are either real constants or real
variables.
Example.
float x, y, si, prin, anoy, roi ;
x = y + 23.123 / 4.5 * 0.3442 ;
si = prin * anoy * roi / 100.0 ;

8
Cont..
• Mixed mode arithmetic statement
– This is an arithmetic statement in which
some of the operands are integers and
some of the operands are real.
Example.
float si, prin, anoy, roi, avg ;
int a, b, c, num ;
si = prin * anoy * roi / 100.0 ;
avg = ( a + b + c + num ) / 4 ;

9
Arithmetic instructions
• C/C++ allows only one variable on left-
hand side
• Modular operator
– This operator returns the remainder on dividing
one integer with another
– Expression 10 / 2 yields 5 whereas, 10 % 2 yields 0
– Expression 10 / 3 yields 3 whereas 10 % 3 yields 1

10
Cont.
• Arithmetic operations can be performed on
ints, floats and chars.
char x, y ;
int z ;
x = 'a' ;
y = 'b' ;
z=x+y;

11
Cont..
• No operator is assumed to be present. It must
be written explicitly.
a = c.d.b(xy)
b=c*d*b*(x*y)

12
Integer and float conversions
• An arithmetic operation between an integer and
integer always yields an integer result
• An operation between a real and real always yields a
real result
• An operation between an integer and real always yields
a real result

13
Type Conversion in Assignments
k is int and a is float

14
Hierarchy of Operations

15
Example
i=2*3/4+4/4+8-2+5/8
i=6/4+4/4+8-2+5/8 operation: *
i=1+4/4+8-2+5/8 operation: /
i = 1 + 1+ 8 - 2 + 5 / 8 operation: /
i=1+1+8-2+0 operation: /
i=2+8-2+0 operation: +
i = 10 - 2 + 0 operation: +
i=8+0 operation : -
i=8 operation: +

16
Association of Operators
• When an expression contains two operators of
equal priority the tie between them is settled
using the associativity of the operators
• It can be of two types
– Left to right
– Right to left

17
Example
• Consider the expression
• a=3/2*5;
• Left to right:
•a=3/2*5
•a=1*5
•a=5
• Right to left :
• a= 3/2*5
• a = 3 / 10
• a=0
18
Control Instructions in C/C++
• Enable us to specify the order in which the
various instructions in a program are to be
executed by the computer.
• Sequence Control Instruction
• Selection or Decision Control Instruction
• Repetition or Loop Control Instruction
• Case Control Instruction

19
Which are invalid variables
• BASICSALARY
• _basic
• basic-hra
• #MEAN
• group.
• 422
• population in 2006
• over time
20
Summary
• The three primary constants and variable types in C
are integer, float and character
• A variable name can be of maximum 31 characters
• Do not use a keyword as a variable name
• An expression may contain any sequence of
constants, variables and operators
• Operators having equal precedence are evaluated
using associativity
• Input/output in C can be achieved using scanf( )
and printf( ) functions.

21

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