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This document summarizes key aspects of curriculum development. It defines curriculum as all planned learning experiences for which the school is responsible. Curriculum development involves determining curriculum content, intended learning outcomes, and teachers' ideas about what students should know. It is a collective process involving various stakeholders to create beneficial curricula. Curriculum change discusses how innovations are adopted in classrooms and sustained in schools through connections to external communities. The levels of curriculum development occur at the national, state, school district, school, and classroom levels.

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Titin Deliana Harahap
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185 views15 pages

CMD 1

This document summarizes key aspects of curriculum development. It defines curriculum as all planned learning experiences for which the school is responsible. Curriculum development involves determining curriculum content, intended learning outcomes, and teachers' ideas about what students should know. It is a collective process involving various stakeholders to create beneficial curricula. Curriculum change discusses how innovations are adopted in classrooms and sustained in schools through connections to external communities. The levels of curriculum development occur at the national, state, school district, school, and classroom levels.

Uploaded by

Titin Deliana Harahap
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPILED BY:

GROUP 4
1.SUSANI TANJUNG

2.NURJANNAH HARAHAP

3.TRIJULIANA S.

4.SAHLIYA AZIZAH

C EXT ‘08 CLASS

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
ARTS AND LANGUAGES FACULTY
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
 DEFINITION 3:
Curriculum is all planned leanings for which the school is
responsibility.
 Another Source of Definition for Curriculum Development
 Problem Posed by the Definition
 Curriculum Development And Change:
 Important Terms in Curriculum Development:
 Curriculum Developers
 Curriculum Change and its some Terms :
1.Innovation
2.Diffusion and Dissemination
The Curriculum Continuum
Curriculum Development As A Planned Activity:
 The Six Team Areas of Curriculum Development
 Levels of Curriculum Development
“Planned Learning” can be:
 long written documents specifying content
 Shorter lists of intended learning outcomes, or
 Simply the general ideas of teachers about
what students should know
Exponents of curriculum as a plain include Saylor,
Alexander, and Lewis (1981),
Beauchamp (1981), and Posner (1998)
Good lad and Su (1992) define curriculum
as a plan that consists of learning
opportunities for a specific time frame and
place, a tool that aims to bring about
behaviour changes in students as a result of
planned activities and includes all learning
experiences received by students with the
guidance of the school.
This definition assumes that:
 Students are just given the curriculum what is
studied is what is learned.
 It may limit “planned learning” to those are the
easiest to achieve that are most desirable.
 It does not address questions such as; on what
basis does school select and take responsibility
for certain learning while excluding others.
 Is it possible for teachers to separate the ends of
instruction from the means?
 Are unplanned, but actual, learning excluded
from the curriculum?
Curriculum Development: encompasses
much of the actual complexity involved as
schools and school districts make decisions about
what their curricula should be. It also now
suggests the idea of cooperative planning by any
number of interested individuals and groups, and
can be defined as a collective and intentional or
activity directed at beneficial curriculum.
Curriculum Change
discusses about how curriculums and school
personnel may become receptive to innovative
curricula, and must take place in individual
classrooms.
 Curriculum Developers
These curriculum tell about what people who make
curriculum decisions should be called, and various terms
have been used to describe them, such as curriculum
planners, curriculum designers, curriculum improvers and
curriculum developers. And generally, curriculum
developers are persons charged with the responsibility of
planning, designing, and producing a curriculum whether
it be in the form of a brief document or elaborate
curriculum package.
Curriculum Change is a generic term that
subsumes a whole family of concepts such as
innovation development and adoption that can be
either planned or unplanned (unintentional,
spontaneous, or accidental).
According to Fullan (2000), for planned
curriculum change to be sustained within a
school, the school needs to be connected to and
nurtured by the external community.
 INNOVATION
The Term Innovation may mean either a new object,
idea, or practice or the process by which a new object,
idea, or practice to be adopted by an individual group
or organization.
The term is placed as a process, as an evident or the
planned application of ends or means, new to the
adopting educational system, and intended to improve
the effectiveness or efficiency of system and not only
includes an awareness or alternatives but a definite
intention to implement one or more alternatives.
(Henderson; 1985/p.3).
e.g.: in the USA of studies on standard and school
effectiveness is a sure sign of the political nature of
innovations (Goodlad,199).
 Diffusion And Dissemination are
two terms crucial to understanding how innovations spread.

 Rogers (1983/p.5) defines Diffusion as “ the spontaneous,


unplanned spread of new ideas. It involves two-way of the
spread information of communication and ideas that were
previously unfamiliar and that may result in the adoption of an
innovation.
 Coulby (2000), The term Dissemination is often used
synonymously with Diffusion, but really has a narrower
focus and applies to intentional efforts to inform individuals
or groups about an innovation and to gain their interest in it.
Curriculum Continuum is one way of depicting
the process of curriculum development that
incorporates many of the ideas and terms we have
discussed.
Ideally, teams undertaking curriculum
development should have members with
expertise in six areas:
 Subject Matter
 Pedagogy
 Curriculum Design
 Evaluation
 organization
 Writing
 Five Levels of Curriculum Developments:
 At the National Levels, curriculum development is undertaken by: teams
 At the State Level, curriculum was little interest in systematic curriculum
development until the mid-1980s. It is based on the state priorities were
directed toward; the setting minimum standards and the financing of
categorical programs.
 At the School District Level, curriculum development projects have been
conducted by Curriculum Major, Revision and Review.
 At the School Level, teachers often work cooperatively in deciding how to
coordinate subject matter and district curricula may provide numerous.
 At the Classroom Level, Teachers take the curriculum in the classroom
individually that may relatively free to make numerous curricular decision
and also becomes both the enacted curriculum and experienced
curriculum.
THE END OF THIS PRESENTATION
THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION
SEE YOU AGAIN AND HAVE A NICE
DAY

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