Java Applets

Introducing Applets

 Applets
– Java programs called from within another application
– Frequently run from a Web page
– Display as rectangular area
– Can respond to user-initiated events
– Behaviors come from Java class named JApplet
 Steps to write an applet
– Set up layout for applet
– Create components and add them to applet
 Applets

 An applet is a program that is typically

embedded in a Web page and can be run from a
browser
 You need special HTML in the Web page to tell
the browser about the applet
 You don’t need to supply a main method; the
browser does that
– When you write an applet, you are writing only part
of a program
– You supply certain methods that the browser calls
 For security reasons, applets run in a sandbox:
they have no access to the client’s file system
 What an applet is

 You write an applet by extending the class

JApplet
 JApplet is just a class like any other; you can
even use it in applications if you want
 When you write an applet, you are only writing
part of a program; the browser supplies the
main method
– Once you understand how applets work, you can
write a program that function either as an applet or
as an application—just write a main method that calls
the right methods at the right time
 Such programs have the ugly name “appletcations”
 The genealogy of JApplet

java.lang.Object
|
+----java.awt.Component
|
+----java.awt.Container
|
+----java.awt.Panel
|
+----java.applet.Applet
|
+----javax.swing.JApplet
 The simplest possible applet

TrivialApplet.java
import javax.swing.JApplet;
public class TrivialApplet extends JApplet { }

TrivialApplet.html
<applet
code="TrivialApplet.class"
width="150"
height="100">
</applet>
 The simplest reasonable applet

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.JApplet;

public class HelloWorld extends JApplet {

public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Hello World!", 30, 30);
}
}
 What are the disadvantages of applets?

 Applets can’t run any local executable

programs
 Applets can’t with any host other than the
originating server
 Applets can’t read/write to local
computer’s file system
 What are the disadvantages of applets?
(Cont’d)
 Applets can’t find any information about
the local computer
 All java-created pop-up windows carry a
warning message
 Stability depends on stability of the client’s
web server
 Performance directly depend on client’s
machine
 What are the advantages of applets?

 Automatically integrated with HTML; hence,

resolved virtually all installation issues.
 Can be accessed from various platforms and
various java-enabled web browsers.
 Can provide dynamic, graphics capabilities and
visualizations
 Implemented in Java, an easy-to-learn OO
programming language
 What are the advantages of applets?
(Cont’d)
 Alternative to HTML GUI design
 Safe! Because of the security built into the core
Java language and the applet structure, you
don’t have to worry about bad code causing
damage to someone’s system
 Can be launched as a standalone web
application independent of the host web server
 Java Applets Can not
Applets are programs designed to run as part of a Web Page (Applet
= little application).

Applets are similar to normal Java Applications but have extra

security features to prevent a downloaded Applet damaging your
computer or transmitting information from it. For instance an Applet
cannot:

•Access local files

•Delete local files
•Run another program
•Find out your name
•Connect to another host
 Running a Java Applet
You write Java You save the
code using an Java code: file with a .java
Text Editor MyApp.java
editor extension

You run the Java This creates a file of

javac MyApp.java bytecode with a
compiler 'javac'
.class extension

Bytecode:
You save the MyApp.class You can view the web
file with a .html page from a web browser
extension
You write a Web
web page in Web page: Browser
Text Editor
html using an MyApp.html
editor

You can view the applet with appletviewer MyApp.html Window

the command 'appletviewer'
 Creating an Applet
 Open "Notepad" (Start  Programs  Other  Notepad)

 Type this in: import java.awt.*;

import java.applet.Applet;
 Save As
"Greetings.java" public class Greetings extends Applet {
(Put the " "
round the name public void paint(Graphics g) {
otherwise it adds g.drawString("Hello World!", 50, 50);
.txt to the end!) }
}

 Open a DOS Window G:\> javac Greetings.java

(Start  MS-DOS Prompt) G:\>

 Type javac Greetings.java

 If you type dir Greetings.* you should see Greetings.java and Greetings.class

If it gives an error check you typed it in exactly right.

 Creating the Web Page
In order to run an applet you have to embed it in a web page using a special
<applet> tag e.g:

<applet code="name.class" width=www height=hhh></applet>

Using Notepad type in the following and save

Size of the applet in pixels
it as "Greetings.html":

<html>
<head>
<title>Greetings Applet</title>
</head>
<body>
<applet code="Greetings.class" width=300 height=200 ></applet>
</body>
</html>
 Running the Program
In the DOS window type appletviewer Greetings.html

G:\> appletviewer Greetings.html

You should see

something like this:
 Running in a Web Browser
In Netscape go to the File menu then Open Page ...
Press Choose File...
Find your file Greetings with the Netscape symbol alongside it
(Greetings.html) - click on it and press Open (or double click on it)
Back in the Open Page dialog press Open
You should see something like:

Title

Your greeting

Message
 What does it mean?
This line announces that the program These 2 lines tell the computer to include
(class) can be run by anyone (public), is (import) two standard libraries awt
called Greetings and is an Applet. (Abstract Window Toolkit) and applet.

import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.Applet;

This line declares what public class Greetings extends Applet {

follows in the { } as a
method called paint. public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Hello World!", 50, 50);
}
}

This line tells the computer to

display some text ( a string) on This is where it is displayed in
This is what is displayed
the screen. pixels across and down from
the top left hand corner
 General Form of an Applet
 New applets are created by extending the Applet class
contained in the java.applet package.

 Also, the package java.awt is needed for the graphical

interface of the applet.

 In general, an applet program would look like the

following:

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class AppletName extends Applet

{
. . .
}
 General Form of an Applet (cont’d)

 An applet overrides a set of methods in the class Applet to

implement its functionality. These methods are used as an interface
with the browser or the applet viewer.

 An applet does not need to override those methods it does not use.

 The following lists the most important methods that are usually
used:
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class AppletName extends Applet
{
public void init(){ . . . }
  public void start(){ . . . }
  public void stop(){ . . . }
  public void destroy(){ . . .}
  public void paint(Graphics g ){ . . .}
}
 Applet Initialization and Termination

 When an applet begins, the browser calls the following methods, in

this sequence: init(), start().
 Every time the applet is redrawn, the method paint() is called.
 When an applet is terminated, the following sequence of methods
is invoked: stop(), destroy().
Method Comment
init() Applets do not usually have main method; instead they have the init()
method that, like main(), is invoked by the execution environment. It
is the first method called for any applet . It is called only once during the
run-time of an applet.
start() Called by the execution environment when an applet should start or
resume execution. It is automatically called after init() when an applet
first begins.
stop() Called to suspend execution of the applet. Once stopped, an applet is
restarted when the execution environment calls start().
destroy() Called just before the applet is terminated. Your applet should override
this method if it needs to perform any cleanup prior to its destruction.
 Applet methods

public void init ()

public void start ()
public void stop ()
public void destroy ()
public void paint (Graphics)
Also:
public void repaint()
public void update (Graphics)
public void showStatus(String)
public String getParameter(String)
 public void init ( )

 init() is the first method to execute

– init() is an ideal place to initialize variables
– init() is the best place to define the GUI
Components (buttons, text fields,
checkboxes, etc.), lay them out, and add
listeners to them
– Almost every applet you ever write will
have an init( ) method
 start( ), stop( ) and destroy( )

 start() and stop( ) are used when the Applet is doing

time-consuming calculations that you don’t want to
continue when the page is not in front
 public void start() is called:
– Right after init( )
– Each time the page is loaded and restarted
 public void stop( ) is called:
– When the browser leaves the page
– Just before destroy( )
 public void destroy( ) is called after stop( )
– Use destroy() to explicitly release system resources (like
threads)
– System resources are usually released automatically
 Methods are called in this order

init()  init and destroy are only called

once each
start()  start and stop are called
whenever the browser enters
and leaves the page
do some work  do some work is code called by
your listeners
stop()  paint is called when the applet
needs to be repainted

destroy()
 public void paint(Graphics g)

 Needed if you do any drawing or

painting other than just using standard
GUI Components
 Any painting you want to do should be
done here, or in a method you call from
here
 Painting that you do in other methods
may or may not happen
 Never call paint(Graphics), call repaint( )
 repaint( )
 Call repaint( ) when you have changed
something and want your changes to show
up on the screen
– You do not need to call repaint() when something
in Java’s own components (Buttons, TextFields,
etc.)
– You do need to call repaint() after drawing
commands (drawRect(...), fillRect(...),
drawString(...), etc.)
 repaint( ) is a request--it might not happen
 When you call repaint( ), Java schedules a
call to update(Graphics g)
 update( )

 When you call repaint( ), Java

schedules a call to update(Graphics g)
 Here's what update does:
public void update(Graphics g) {
// Fills applet with background color,
then
paint(g);
}
 The paint() method
 The paint() method is called by the execution environment (i.e. the
browser) each time the applet has to be redrawn.

 The inherited paint() method is empty. In order to draw anything on

the applet, this method must be overridden.

 paint() method takes an object of class Graphics as an input

argument, which is passed by the execution environment.
public void paint(Graphics g){
. . .
}

 This Graphics object represents a drawing area. It has methods to

draw strings and many shapes. Also, it can manipulate fonts and
colors.

The Graphics Object
A Graphics object has a coordinate system that is illustrated
below:
(0,0) x

 Anything that is drawn on the Graphics object, appears on

the applet.

 Some of the drawing methods of the Graphics object are:

– drawString()
– drawLine()
– drawRect()
– drawOval()
 Displaying Strings Using the Graphics Object

 To display a string on the Graphics object, the method drawString()

can be used. It has the following arguments:
void drawString( String str, int x, int y)
– str is the string to be displayed, x and y are the coordinates of the top
left point of the string.

 For example, the following applet displays the string “Hello World!!”
starting at the point (50,25). Its file name must be HelloApplet.java.
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class HelloApplet extends Applet {

public void paint(Graphics g) { // overriding paint() method
g.drawString("Hello world!", 50, 25);
}
}
 Placing an Applet in a Web Page

 Recall that web pages are written in HTML. HTML language

describes the appearance of a page using tags. For example,
<html> is a tag. Another tag is <body>. Some tags have a
closing tag. For example, <html> is closed by </html>.
 HTML is based on text, just like Java. You can use any editor (like
Notepad or JCreator) to write HTML files. HTML files should have
the extension HTML, like (first.html). All HTML pages should look
like:

<html>
<body>
The body of the html page… write whatever you like here.
</body>
</html>
 Placing an Applet in a Web Page (cont’d)

 To place an applet in a web page, the <applet> tag is used in the

body of an HTML page as follows:
<applet code=“HelloApplet.class” width=600 height=100>
</applet>

 The parts in green are called attributes. The applet tag has three
mandatory (non-optional) attributes:
– code: the name of the class file of the applet.
– width: the width of the applet, in pixels.
– height: the height of the applet, in pixels.

 If the class file is not at the same folder as the HTML page, the
codebase attribute is used to indicate the location of the class file
relative to the directory that has the HTML page.
<applet code=“HelloApplet.class” codebase=“app\” width=600
height=100>
</applet>
 Colors
 The class Color of java.awt package is used to define Color objects.
 All colors can be specified as a mix of three primary colors: red, green,
and blue. A particular color can be specified by three integers, each
between 0 and 255, or by three float values, each between 0.0 and 1.0.
 The class Color has some pre-defined colors that are commonly used.

Color RGB Value RGB Value Color RGB Value RGB Value
(float) (integer) (float) (integer)
Color.black 0.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F 0, 0, 0 Color.magen 1.0F, 0.0F, 255, 0, 255
Color.blue 0.0F, 0.0F, 1.0F 0, 0, 255 ta 1.0F

Color.cyan 0.0F, 1.0F, 1.0F 0, 255, 255 Color.orange 1.0F, 0.8F, 255, 200, 0
0.0F
Color.gray 0.5F, 0.5F, 0.5F 128, 128,
128 Color.pink 1.0F, 0.7F, 255, 175,
0.7F 175
Color.darkGra 0.25F, 0.25F, 64, 64, 64
y 0.25F Color.red 1.0F, 0.0F, 255, 0, 0
0.0F
Color.lightGra 0.75F, 0.75F, 192, 192,
y 0.75F 192 Color.white 1.0F, 1.0F, 255, 255,
1.0F 255
Color.green 0.0F, 1.0F, 0.0F 0, 255, 0
Color.yellow 1.0F, 1.0F, 255, 255, 0
0.0F
 Colors (cont’d)

 A Color object can be created using one of two

constructors:
Color(int red, int green, int blue)
Color(float red, float green, float blue)

 For example:
Color c1 = new Color(255, 100, 18);
Color c2 = new Color(0.2F, 0.6F, 0.3F);

 By default, the Graphics object has a black foreground and

a light gray background. This can be changed using the
following methods (of the Graphics object):
void setBackground(Color newColor)
void setForeground(Color newColor)
void setColor(Color newColor)
 Colors (cont’d)
 The following example displays some strings in different colors.
 Although it is possible to set the background and foreground colors in
the paint() method, a good place to set these colors is in the init()
method.

import java.awt.*; import java.applet.*;

public class MyApplet extends Applet {
public void init() {
setBackground(Color.blue);
setForeground(Color.yellow);
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("A yellow string", 50, 10);
g.setColor(Color.red) ;
g.drawString("A red string", 50, 50);
g.drawString("Another red string", 50, 90);
g.setColor(Color.magenta) ;
g.drawString("A magenta string", 50, 130);
}
}
 Drawing Some Shapes
 An oval can be drawn using the method drawOval() as
follows:
void drawOval( int x, int y, int width, int height )

 A rectangle can be drawn using the method drawRect() as

follows:
void drawRect( int x, int y, int width, int height )

 A line linking two points can be drawn using the method

drawLine() as follows:
void drawLine( int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2 )

 To draw a shape using a specific color, the method

setColor() should be used before drawing the shape.
 There are no methods called drawCircle() or drawSquare().
– How can we draw a circle or a square..???
 Executing a Java Applet
 A Java applet must be compiled into bytecode
before it can be used in a web page.

 When a web page containing an <applet> tag is

opened, the associated bytecode is downloaded
from the location specified by the CODE or
CODEBASE attribute. This location can be in the
local machine or in a machine across the web.

 To interpret the applet bytecode, the browser must

have a Java plug-in.

 Also, an applet can be executed using the applet

viewer, which comes with the JDK.
 Comparing Applets with Applications

An Application An Applet
Runs independently Has to run inside another program,
called execution environment (like a
web browser or an applet viewer)

Starts by the main() method Starts by the init() method

Doesn’t have to extend any class Has to extend java.applet.Applet class

Can work with command-line (like Almost always works with GUI
what are always doing), or using a
graphical user-interface (GUI)
{More on this in ICS-201}

Has an unrestricted access to the Has a restricted access to the machine

machine resources resources (cannot open files or run
other programs) {Security
reasons}
 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

 Now, create applets of our own

– Take a while before we can write applets like
in the demos
– Cover many of same techniques
 Upcoming program
– Create an applet to display
"Welcome to Java Programming!"
– Show applet and HTML file, then discuss them
line by line
1 // Fig. 3.6: WelcomeApplet.java Outline
2 // A first applet in Java.
3
4 import allows us to use
// Java core packages Java applet
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
6
predefined classes (allowing
7 us topackages
// Java extension use applets and
8 graphics, in this case).
import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet
9
10 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {
11
12 // draw text on applet’s background extends allows us to inherit the
13 public void paint( Graphics g ) capabilities of class JApplet.
14 {
15 // call inherited version of method paint
16 super.paint( g );
17 Method paint is guaranteed to
18 // draw a String at x-coordinate 25 and y-coordinate 25
19
be called in all applets. Its first
g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );
20 line must be defined as above.
21 } // end method paint
22
23 } // end class WelcomeApplet

Program Output

 2002 Prentice Hall.

All rights reserved.
 3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
1 // Fig. 3.6: WelcomeApplet.java
2 // A first applet in Java.

– Comments
• Name of source code and description of applet
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
8 import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet

– Import predefined classes grouped into packages

• import statements tell compiler where to locate classes used
• When you create applets, import the JApplet class
(package javax.swing)
• import the Graphics class (package java.awt) to draw
graphics
– Can draw lines, rectangles ovals, strings of characters
• import specifies directory structure

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

– Applets have at least one class definition (like applications)

• Rarely create classes from scratch
– Use pieces of existing class definitions
– Inheritance - create new classes from old ones (ch. 15)
10 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {

– Begins class definition for class WelcomeApplet

• Keyword class then class name
– extends followed by class name
• Indicates class to inherit from (JApplet)
– JApplet : superclass (base class)
– WelcomeApplet : subclass (derived class)
• WelcomeApplet now has methods and data of JApplet

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

10 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {

– Class JApplet defined for us

• Someone else defined "what it means to be an applet"
– Applets require over 200 methods!
• extends JApplet
– Inherit methods, do not have to define them all
• Do not need to know every detail of class JApplet

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

10 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {

– Class WelcomeApplet is a blueprint

• appletviewer or browser creates an object of class
WelcomeApplet
– Keyword public required
– File can only have one public class
– public class name must be file name

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

13 public void paint( Graphics g )

– Our class inherits method paint from JApplet

• By default, paint has empty body
• Override (redefine) paint in our class
– Methods paint, init, and start
• Guaranteed to be called automatically
• Our applet gets "free" version of these by inheriting from
JApplet
– Free versions have empty body (do nothing)
– Every applet does not need all three methods
• Override the ones you need
– Applet container “draws itself” by calling method paint

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

13 public void paint( Graphics g )

– Method paint
• Lines 13-21 are the definition of paint
• Draws graphics on screen
• void indicates paint returns nothing when finishes task
• Parenthesis define parameter list - where methods receive data
to perform tasks
– Normally, data passed by programmer, as in
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog
• paint gets parameters automatically
– Graphics object used by paint
• Mimic paint's first line

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
16 super.paint( g );

– Calls version of method paint from superclass JApplet

– Should be first statement in every applet’s paint method
19 g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );

– Body of paint
• Method drawString (of class Graphics)
• Called using Graphics object g and dot operator (.)
• Method name, then parenthesis with arguments
– First argument: String to draw
– Second: x coordinate (in pixels) location
– Third: y coordinate (in pixels) location
– Java coordinate system
• Measured in pixels (picture elements)
• Upper left is (0,0)

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.3.1 Compiling and Executing WelcomeApplet

• Running the applet

– Compile
• javac WelcomeApplet.java
• If no errors, bytecodes stored in WelcomeApplet.class
– Create an HTML file
• Loads the applet into appletviewer or a browser
• Ends in .htm or .html
– To execute an applet
• Create an HTML file indicating which applet the browser (or
appletviewer) should load and execute

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.3.1 Compiling and Executing WelcomeApplet
1 <html>
2 <applet code = "WelcomeLines.class" width = "300" height = "40">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

– Simple HTML file (WelcomeApplet.html)

• Usually in same directory as .class file
• Remember, .class file created after compilation
– HTML codes (tags)
• Usually come in pairs
• Begin with < and end with >
– Lines 1 and 4 - begin and end the HTML tags
– Line 2 - begins <applet> tag
• Specifies code to use for applet
• Specifies width and height of display area in pixels
– Line 3 - ends <applet> tag
 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
 3.3.1 Compiling and Executing WelcomeApplet
1 <html>
2 <applet code = "WelcomeLines.class" width = "300" height = "40">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

– appletviewer only understands <applet> tags

• Ignores everything else
• Minimal browser
– Executing the applet
• appletviewer WelcomeApplet.html
• Perform in directory containing .class file

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.4 Two More Simple Applets: Drawing Strings
and Lines
• More applets
– First example
• Display two lines of text
• Use drawString to simulate a new line with two
drawString statements
– Second example
• Method g.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2 )
– Draws a line from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2)
– Remember that (0, 0) is upper left
• Use drawLine to draw a line beneath and above a string

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 3.8: WelcomeApplet2.java Outline
2 // Displaying multiple strings in an applet.
3
4 // Java core packages
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
6 1. import
7 // Java extension packages
8 import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet
9 2. Class
10 public class WelcomeApplet2 extends JApplet { WelcomeApplet2
11 (extends JApplet)
12 // draw text on applet’s background
13 public void paint( Graphics g )
14 { 3. paint
15 // call inherited version of method paint
16 super.paint( g );
17 3.1 drawString
18 // draw two Strings at different locations
19 g.drawString( "Welcome to", 25, 25 ); 3.2 drawString
20 g.drawString( "Java Programming!", 25, 40 );
21 on same x
22 } // end method paint coordinate, but
23 15 pixels down
24 } // end class WelcomeApplet2 The two drawString
statements simulate a newline. In
fact, the concept of lines of text
does not exist when drawing
strings.

 2002 Prentice Hall.

All rights reserved.
 Outline

1 <html> HTML file

2 <applet code = "WelcomeApplet2.class" width = "300" height = "60">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

Program Output

 2002 Prentice Hall.

All rights reserved.
1 // Fig. 3.10: WelcomeLines.java Outline
2 // Displaying text and lines
3
4 // Java core packages
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics WelcomeLines.java
6
7 // Java extension packages 2. Class
8 import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet
9 WelcomeLines
10 public class WelcomeLines extends JApplet { (extends JApplet)
11
12 // draw lines and a string on applet’s background
13 public void paint( Graphics g ) 3. paint
14 {
15 // call inherited version of method paint 3.1 drawLine
16 super.paint( g );
17
18 // draw horizontal line from (15, 10) to (210, 10) 3.2 drawLine
19 g.drawLine( 15, 10, 210, 10 );
20
21 // draw horizontal line from (15, 30) to (210, 30) 3.3 drawString
22 g.drawLine( 15, 30, 210, 30 );
23
24 // draw String between lines at location (25, 25)
25 g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );
26 Draw horizontal lines with
27 } // end method paint drawLine (endpoints have same
28
29 } // end class WelcomeLines y coordinate).
Program Output

 2002 Prentice Hall.

All rights reserved.
1 <html> Outline
2 <applet code = "WelcomeLines.class" width = "300" height = "40">
3 </applet>
4 </html>
HTML file

 2002 Prentice Hall.

All rights reserved.
 3.4 Two More Simple Applets: Drawing Strings
and Lines
• Method drawLine of class Graphics
– Takes as arguments Graphics object and line’s end points
– X and y coordinate of first endpoint
– X and y coordinate of second endpoint

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding Floating-
Point Numbers
• Next applet
– Mimics application for adding two integers (Fig 2.9)
• This time, use floating point numbers (numbers with a decimal
point)
– Using primitive data types
• Double – double precision floating-point numbers
• Float – single precision floating-point numbers
– Show program, then discuss

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 3.12: AdditionApplet.java Outline
2 2 // Adding
// Adding two
two floating-point
floating-point numbers
numbers.
3 3 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
4 // Java core packages AdditionApplet.java
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
6 5
7 6 public
// Javaclass AdditionApplet
extension packages extends JApplet { 1. import
8 7 import javax.swing.*;
double sum; // sum of the//values
importentered
packageby
javax.swing
the user
9 8
10 9 public class AdditionApplet extends JApplet {
2. Class
public void init()
11 double sum; // sum of values entered by user AdditionApplet
10 {
12
1311 // String firstNumber,
initialize // first string
applet by obtaining
* allows
values entered
from user
any class in the the(extends
by user package JApplet)
1412 public voidsecondNumber;
init() to be used.
// second string entered by user
1513 { double number1, // first number to add 3. Instance variable
1614 String number2;
firstNumber; // second
// first string
number entered
to add by user
1715 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user
18 double number1; // first number to add
4. init
16 // read in first number from user
19 double number2; // second number to addInstance variable sum may be used anywhere
2017 firstNumber =
4.1 methods.
Declare variables
2118 // JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
obtain first number from user
in the class, even in other
2219 firstNumber
"Enter =first
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
floating-point value" );
2320 "Enter first floating-point value" ); Data type double can4.2 store floating point
2421 // read in second number from user
numbers. showInputDialog
25 // obtain second number from user
22 secondNumber =
26 secondNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
2723 JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
"Enter second floating-point value" ); 4.3 parseDouble
2824 "Enter second floating-point value" );
2925 // convert numbers from type String to type double
3026 number1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber );
3127 number2
// = Double.parseDouble(
convert secondNumber
numbers from type String to type );
double
32

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All rights reserved.
3331 // add the
numbers
numbers Outline
3432 sum = number1
sum = number1 ++ number2;
number2;
35 }
3633 }
3734 // draw results in a rectangle on applet’s background 5. Draw applet
3835 public void paint( Graphics g ) contents
39 {
36 {
40 // call inherited version of method paint
4137 // draw the results
super.paint( g ); with g.drawString 5.1 Draw a rectangle
4238 g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );
4339 // draw rectangle
g.drawString( "The starting
sum is " from (15,
+ sum, 10)
25, 25 that
); is 270 5.2 Draw the results
44 // pixels wide and 20 pixels tall
4540 } g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );
4641 }
47 // draw results as a String at (25, 25)
48 1 <html> g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 );
49 2 <applet code="AdditionApplet.class" width=300 height=50>
50 } // end method paint
51
3 </applet> drawRect takes the upper left coordinate, width,
52 4 </html>
} // end class AdditionApplet and height of the rectangle to draw.

1 <html> HTML file

2 <applet code = "WelcomeLines.class" width = "300" height = "40">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

 2002 Prentice Hall.

All rights reserved.
 Outline

Program Output

 2002 Prentice Hall.

All rights reserved.
 3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding Floating-
Point Numbers
– Lines 1-2: Comments
5 import java.awt.Graphics;

– Line 5: imports class Graphics

• import not needed if use full package and class name
public void paint ( java.awt.Graphics g )
8 import javax.swing.*;

– Line 8: specify entire javax.swing package

• * indicates all classes in javax.swing are available
– Includes JApplet and JOptionPane
– Use JOptionPane instead of
javax.swing.JOptionPane
• * does not not load all classes
– Compiler only loads classes it uses

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding Floating-
Point Numbers
10 public class AdditionApplet extends JApplet {

– Begin class definition

• Inherit from JApplet, imported from package
javax.swing
11 double sum; // sum of values entered by user

– Instance variable declaration

• Each object of class gets own copy of the instance variable
• Declared in body of class, but not inside methods
– Variables declared in methods are local variables
– Can only be used in body of method
• Instance variables can be used anywhere in class
• Have default value (0.0 in this case)

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding Floating-
Point Numbers
11 double sum; // sum of values entered by user

– Primitive data type double

• Used to store floating point (decimal) numbers

14 public void init()

– Method init
• Normally initializes instance variables and applet class
• Guaranteed to be first method called in applet
• First line must always appear as above
– Returns nothing (void), takes no arguments

15 {

– Begins body of method init

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding Floating-
Point Numbers
16 String firstNumber; // first string entered by user
17 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user
18 double number1; // first number to add
19 double number2; // second number to add

– Declare variables
– Two types of variables
• Reference variables (called references)
– Refer to objects (contain location in memory)
• Objects defined in a class definition
• Can contain multiple data and methods
– paint receives a reference called g to a Graphics
object
– Reference used to call methods on the Graphics object
• Primitive data types (called variables)
– Contain one piece of data

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding Floating-
Point Numbers
16 String firstNumber; // first string entered by user
17 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user
18 double number1; // first number to add
19 double number2; // second number to add

– Distinguishing references and variables

• If data type is a class name, then reference
– String is a class
– firstNumber, secondNumber
• If data type a primitive type, then variable
– double is a primitive data type
– number1, number2

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding Floating-
Point Numbers
22 firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
23 "Enter first floating-point value" );

• Method JOptionPane.showInputDialog
• Prompts user for input with string
• Enter value in text field, click OK
– If not of correct type, error occurs
– In Chapter 14 learn how to deal with this
• Returns string user inputs
• Assignment statement to string
– Lines 26-27: As above, assigns input to secondNumber

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding Floating-
Point Numbers
30 number1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber );
31 number2 = Double.parseDouble( secondNumber );

– static method Double.parseDouble

• Converts String argument to a double
• Returns the double value
• Remember static method syntax
– ClassName.methodName( arguments )

34 sum = number1 + number2;

– Assignment statement
• sum an instance variable, can use anywhere in class
– Not defined in init but still used

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding Floating-
Point Numbers
33 }

– Ends method init

• appletviewer (or browser) calls inherited method start
• start usually used with multithreading
– Advanced concept, in Chapter 15
– We do not define it, so empty definition in JApplet used
• Next, method paint called
45 g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );

– Method drawRect( x1, y1, width, height )

• Draw rectangle, upper left corner (x1, y1), specified width
and height
• Line 45 draws rectangle starting at (15, 10) with a width of
270 pixels and a height of 20 pixels

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding Floating-
Point Numbers
48 g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 );

– Sends drawString message (calls method) to Graphics

object using reference g
• "The sum is" + sum - string concatenation
– sum converted to a string
• sum can be used, even though not defined in paint
– Instance variable, can be used anywhere in class
– Non-local variable

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.6 Viewing Applets in a Web Browser

 Applets can execute on Java-enabled

browsers
– Many different browser version supporting
different Java version specifications
 Some support for Java 1.0, many for Java 1.1
inconsistently
– Netscape Navigator 6 supports Java 2 (section
3.6.1)
– Use Java Plug-in to execute Java 2 applets on
other browsers (section 3.6.2)
 Fonts
 By default, strings are drawn using the default font, plain style and default font size.
 To change the font, style or size, we need to create an object of class java.awt.Font
and pass it to the setFont() method of the graphics object used in the paint()
method. To create such a Font object, we need to specify the following parameters:
– The font name.
– The Style (Font.PLAIN, Font.BOLD, Font.ITALIC, or Font.BOLD + Font.ITALIC).
– The font size.

 The font name can be the name of any font available on the particular computer
(such as: TimesRoman, Courier, Helvetica etc.,) or any of the logical names shown
in the table below:

Serif A font with small segments at the end, e.g. Times New
Roman

SansSerif A font without small segments, e.g. Helvetica

Monospaced A font in which all characters have the same width. e.g.
Courier

Dialog A screen font suitable for labels in dialogs

DialogInput A screen font suitable for user input in text fields
 Fonts (cont’d)

• Example: The following applet displays the word Applet in large

SansSerif font.

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class BigFontApplet extends Applet{

public void paint(Graphics g){
final int SIZE = 48;
Color myColor = new Color(0.25F, 0.5F, 0.75F);
Font myFont = new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD,
SIZE);
g.setColor(myColor);
g.setFont(myFont);
g.drawString("Applet",5,60);
}
}
 Fonts (cont’d)

• If an applet will use several fonts, it is good to create the font objects
in the init() method:
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class FontExamples extends Applet{
private Font f, fb, fi, fbi;
public void init() {
setBackground(Color.yellow);
f = new Font("TimesRoman", Font.PLAIN, 18);
fb = new Font("Courier", Font.BOLD, 20);
fi = new Font("TimesRoman", Font.ITALIC, 18);
fbi = new Font("Helvetica", Font.BOLD + Font.ITALIC, 25);
}
public void paint(Graphics g){
g.setColor(Color.blue);
g.setFont(f);
g.drawString("This is TimesRoman plain font", 10, 25);
//...
}
}
 Drawing in an Applet

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
// assume that the drawing area is 150 by 150
public class SquareAndRectangle extends Applet
{
final int areaSide = 150 ;
final int width = 100, height = 50;
public void paint ( Graphics gr )
{
setBackground( Color.green );
gr.setColor( Color.red );
// outline the drawing area
gr.drawRect( 0, 0, areaSide-1, areaSide-1 );
// draw interiour rectange.
gr.drawRect( areaSide/2 - width/2 ,
areaSide/2 - height/2, width, height );
}
}
 Java’s coordinate system
(0, 0) (0, 0)(50, 0) (50, 0)

(0, 20) (50, 20)

(0, 20) (50, 20)

(w-1, h-1)

 Java uses an (x, y) coordinate system

 (0, 0) is the top left corner
 (50, 0) is 50 pixels to the right of (0, 0)
 (0, 20) is 20 pixels down from (0, 0)
 (w - 1, h - 1) is just inside the bottom right corner,
where w is the width of the window and h is its
height
 Drawing rectangles

 There are two ways to draw rectangles:

 g.drawRect( left , top , width , height );

 g.fillRect(left , top , width , height );

 Drawing strings

 A String is a sequence of characters enclosed in

double quote marks
– "Hello, World!"
 A double quote mark in a String must be
preceded by a backslash ( \ )
– "He said, \"Please don't go!\" "
– To draw a string, you need to specify not only what
you want to say, but where to say it
– g.drawString( string, left, top );
 For example,
– g.drawString("Example JApplet", 20, 80);
 The complete applet
import javax.swing.JApplet;
import java.awt.*;
// CIT 591 example
public class Drawing extends JApplet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
g.fillRect(20, 20, 50, 30);

g.setColor(Color.RED);
g.fillRect(50, 30, 50, 30);

g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
g.drawString("Example JApplet", 20, 80);
}
}
 More java.awt.Graphics methods
 g.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2);
 g.drawOval(left, top, width, height);
 g.fillOval(left, top, width, height);
 g.drawRoundRect(left, top, width, height,
arcWidth, arcHeight);
– arcWidth, arcHeight define the “roundedness” of corners
 g.fillRoundRect(left, top, width, height, arcWidth, arcHeight);
 g.drawArc( left, top, width, height, startAngle, arcAngle);
– Angles are in degrees
– 0 degrees is the 3 o’clock position
– Positive angles are to the right
 g.FillArc( left, top, width, height, startAngle, arcAngle);
 Still more Graphics methods
 g.drawPolygon(xPoints, yPoints, n);
 g.fillPolygon(xPoints, yPoints, n);
– xPoints and yPoints are int arrays of size n
– One way to write an int array is:
new int[] { value1, value2, ..., valueN}
– Example: g.drawPolygon(new int[] { 250, 290, 210 },
                   new int[] { 210, 290, 290 }, 3);
draws a triangle using the 3 points (250, 210), (290,
290), and (210, 290).
 g.drawPolyline(xPoints, yPoints, n);
– A “polyline” is like a polygon, except the first and last points are
not automatically connected
– Hence, there is no “fillPolyline” method
 The HTML page

 You can only run an applet from an HTML page

 The HTML looks something like this:
– <html>
<body>
<h1>Drawing Applet</h1>
<applet code="Drawing.class"
width="100" height="150">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
 Eclipse will create this HTML for you
 You don’t even need to think about the HTML
just yet
 Other useful JApplet methods

 System.out.println(String s)
– Works from appletviewer, not from browsers
– Automatically opens an output window.
 showStatus(String s) displays the String in
the applet’s status line.
– Each call overwrites the previous call.
– You have to allow time to read the line!