Interfacing with I/O System

Prepared By:-
MD. IFTEKHARUL ISLAM SAKIB
Lecturer, Department of CSE, BUET
Md. Saiful Islam
Lecturer,
Department of CSE, BUET
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Mobile: 01516-156486
Office: Room No: 212,
ECE Building, West Palashi, BUET
The Intel Microprocessors
Author: Barry B. Brey
Edition: Eighth Edition

Microprocessors and Interfacing: Programming and

Hardware
Author: Douglas V Hall
Edition: Revised Second Edition
Definitions of “interface” from Webster’s Dictionary:
• noun: the place at which independent systems meet and act or
communicate with each other
examples:
human - machine interface (analogue-machine interface)

Informal Definition
i) The physical, electrical and logical means of exchanging
Information with a functional module
ii) The process of enabling a computer to communicate with the
external world through Software, Hardware and Protocols
• An interface is a device and/or set of rules to match the output of
one device to send information to the input of another device
• physical connection
• the hardware
• rules and procedures
• the software

• Interfacing is the process of connecting devices together so that they

can exchange information
 The human - machine interface determines the ultimate success or
failure of many computer- based systems

 Digital systems exist within and must successfully interact with an

analogue natural environment (Digital – analogue interfaces are
unavoidable)
• What about I/O?
– Without I/O, computers are useless (disembodied brains?)
– But… thousands of devices, each slightly different
» How can we standardize the interfaces to these devices?
– Devices unreliable: media failures and transmission errors
» How can we make them reliable???
– Devices unpredictable and/or slow
» How can we manage them if we don’t know what they will
do or how they will perform?
 Example Device-Transfer Rates (Sun Enterprise 6000)

• Device Rates vary over many orders of magnitude

– System better be able to handle this wide range
 Isolated I/O or port-mapped I/O (PMIO) or I/O mapped I/O
 Memory-mapped I/O (MMIO)
 I/O locations are isolated from the memory system
 The desired I/O port is selected by an I/O address
 Data transferred between I/O and the microprocessor must
be accessed by
 IN
 OUT
 Uses the same address bus to address both memory and I/O devices
 Memory and registers of the I/O devices are mapped to (associated
with) address values.
 So, when an address is accessed by the CPU, it may refer to a portion of
physical RAM, but it can also refer to memory of the I/O device.
 Thus, the CPU instructions used to access the memory can also be used
for accessing devices.
METHODS OF PARALLEL DATA TRANSFER
 Simple I/O
 Simple strobe I/O
 Single-handshake I/O
 Double-handshake I/O
SIMPLE I/O
 I/O device is always ready
 Assumption
 CPU Receiver: Data is always present
 Can be read/write at any time
 CPU Sender: Receiver is always ready

 Data transfer is not time dependent

 Example:
 Output to LED
 Reading from a switch

 Limitations ?
SIMPLE STROBE I/O

 Valid data present on an external device only at a certain time

 Must be read at that time

 Data transfer is time dependent

 Sender send Strobe signal after sending valid data
 To notify reeiver

 Receiver can read data only after getting strobe signal

 Polling
 Interrupt

 Example
 Reading from Keyboard STB

 Limitations ?
Data
SIMPLE STROBE I/O LIMITATIONS
 Assumption
 CPU Sender: Receiver is always ready

 Works well for low rate data transfer

 No signal for the sender to know when it is safe to send the next data
byte
 Sending and receiving speeds on both ends are often different
SINGLE-HANDSHAKE I/O
 After reading data, an receiver send
Acknowledge signal Receiver
: Got it.
 Also called “strobed input/output” Sender: Hey, Thanks
here is
 Limitation?? some data
for you

STB

ACK

Data
SINGLE-HANDSHAKE I/O LIMITATIONS

 Sender still doesn’t consider whether the receiver is ready to receive

 In certain situations (such as multiple device communication)
 sender should not send the information to the data bus unless the receiver is
ready to receive
DOUBLE-HANDSHAKE I/O
Sender:
Here is
 More coordination the data.
 Data is put after receiver is ready
 Double handshake Sender:
 Each signal edge has meaning Are you Receiver: Receiver:
ready? Yes. Got it.
 Sender sends the data after
the first handshaking
 When applicable?
STB

ACK

Data
HOW TO IMPLEMENT HANDSHAKE?
 The simplest idea
 Directly connect the CPU to the I/O devices
 CPU determines when it is time to send/receive next data byte
 Polling
 Interrupt (Better??)

 But in that case, CPU has to manage handshake operations

 Produce STB/ACK signals by executing instructions

 Should we assign these tasks to CPU?

HOW TO IMPLEMENT HANDSHAKE?
 Better alternative
 Connect the CPU to the I/O devices through a “interfacing” device which can
 Automatically manage the handshake operation
 Such an “interfacing” device is Intel 8255
INTEL 8255: PPI
PPI: PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE
 Let’s think about the name
 Programmable?
 Peripheral?
 Interface?

 Can be programmed to automatically

 Receive STB signal from a peripheral
 Send interrupt signal to the CPU
 Send ACKsignal to the peripheral at proper times
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PORTS & REGISTER

 24 input/output pins
 3 PORTS: A, B, C
 Port A, B: I/O
 Port C: I/O and handshake signals

 The three ports are further grouped as follows:

 Group A : port A and upper part of port C
 Group B : port B and lower part of port C
READ/WRITE AND CONTROL LOGIC
 Manage all of the internal and external transfers
of both Data and Control or Status words.
 Accepts inputs from the CPU Address and
Control busses and in turn, issues commands to
both of the Control Groups.
 (CS) Chip Select. A "low" on this input pin enables the
communication between the 8255 and the CPU.
 (RD) Read. A "low" on this input pin enables 8255 to
send the data or status information to the CPU on the
data bus. In essence, it allows the CPU to "read from" the
8255.
 (WR) Write. A "low" on this input pin enables the CPU to
write data or control words into the 8255.
 (A0 and A1) Port Select 0 and Port Select 1. These input
signals, in conjunction with the RD and WR inputs,
control the selection of one of the three ports or the
control word register. They are normally connected to
the least significant bits of the address bus (A0 and A1).
 (RESET) Reset. A "high" on this input initializes the
control register to 9Bh and all ports (A, B, C) are set to
the input mode.
PORT SELECTION

𝐂𝐒 A1 A0 SELECTEDPORT
0 0 0 A

0 0 1 B

0 1 0 C

0 1 1 Control Register

1 X X 8255 is not selected

INTEGRATING WITH MICROPROCESSOR

 Three-state bi-directional 8-bit buffer

is used to interface the 8255 to the
system data bus.
 Data is transmitted or received by the
buffer upon execution of input or
output instructions by the CPU.
 Control words and status information
are also transferred through the data
bus buffer.
TRI STATE BUFFER

 A tri-state buffer is similar to a buffer,

but it adds an additional "enable"
input that controls whether the
primary input is passed to its output
or not.
 If the "enable" inputs signal is true,
the tri-state buffer behaves like a
normal buffer.
 If the "enable" input signal is false,
the tri-state buffer passes a high
impedance (or hi-Z) signal, which
effectively disconnects its output from
the circuit.
OPERATIONAL MODES
 Bit set/reset Mode (BSR Mode)
 used to set/reset the bits in Port C

 Input/Output Mode (I/O Mode)

 MODE 0 – Simple I/O
 MODE 1 – Single-handshake
 MODE 2 – bidirectional handshake I/O

 BSR mode and I/O mode are independent

 Selection of BSR mode does not affect the operation of other ports in I/O mode

 Functions of I/O pins and modes of I/O ports can be programmed by

 writing proper control word in the control register
BSR MODE: CONTROL WORD
WHAT WILL BE THE CONTROL BITS ??

Can you set PC5?

I/O MODE: CONTROL WORD
WHAT WILL BE THE CONTROL BITS ??
 A – input , B – output and C(lower) input ??
I/O MODE: MODE 0
 SIMPLE I/O
 A, B, and C(upper and lower) all can be used as I/O independently
 16 possible configurations
I/O MODE: MODE 1
 PORT A, B : Single handshake I/O (Strobed I/O)
 Handshake signals for PORT B
 PIN PC0 – PC2

 Handshake signals for PORT A

 PIN PC3 – PC5 when PORT A input
 PIN PC3, PC6, PC7 when PORT A output

 Remaining lines of PORT C can be used for I/O

 INPUT MODE 1 ON PORTA
1. I/O device sends data to port’s data line
2. I/O device lowers STB 4
 8255 loads data into input latch

3. 8255 raises IBF (PC5) 2

 ACK
 Forbids I/O device to send next data 3
4. I/O device raises STB high again 9
 Data is no more valid

5. 8255 generates INTR (PC3) 5

 Inform CPU
7
6. CPU lowers RD
 Starts reading

7. 8255 lowers INTR again 6 8

 Prevent a second interrupt for the same data

8. CPU raises RD again

 Read complete 1
9. 8255 lowers IBF again
 Data transfer complete
I/O MODE: MODE 2
 Port A can be used as a bi-directional 8-bit I/O bus
 Port B can be programmed in Mode 0 or in Mode 1.
INTERFACING 8255 WITH MICROPROCESSOR
EXAMPLE:
 What is the addresses of port A, port B, port C of the
82C55A device?
Solution:
To access port A, A1A0 = 00, A15 = A14 = 1, A13 =
A12 = … = A2 = 0, which gives the port A address
as
1100 0000 0000 00002 = C00016
Similarly, it can be determined that the address of
port B equals C00116, that of port C is C00216,
and the address of the control register is C00316.
RESOURCES
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8255
 Intel 8255 datasheet
(http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~reza2/courses/310/Slides/8255.pdf)
 Microprocessors And Interfacing 2E, Douglas V Hall
 Chapter 9

 Microprocessors And Interfacing 1E, A.P. Godse

 Chapter 7