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KT1822 Week 10: Still On The 2 Law

The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics, including: 1) The Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the second law. 2) Reversible and irreversible processes, with the most efficient cycles using only reversible processes. 3) The Carnot heat engine cycle as the most efficient cycle, with its efficiency depending only on the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs.

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Uthaya Kumar Rajendran
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43 views

KT1822 Week 10: Still On The 2 Law

The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics, including: 1) The Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the second law. 2) Reversible and irreversible processes, with the most efficient cycles using only reversible processes. 3) The Carnot heat engine cycle as the most efficient cycle, with its efficiency depending only on the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs.

Uploaded by

Uthaya Kumar Rajendran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KT1822

Week 10

Still on the 2nd Law


Last week..
• The 2nd Law in general
• Thermal energy reservoirs
• Heat Engine
• Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
• The 2nd Law statements
The 2 nd Law Statements
Kelvin Planck:
It is impossible for any device that operates on a
cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and
produce a net amount of work.
No heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of
100%

Clausius:
It is impossible to construct a device that operates in
a cycle and produces no effect other than the
transfer of heat from a lower temperature body to
a higher temperature body.
Proof that the violation of the Kelvin-Planck statement leads
to the violation of the Clausius statement.
What is the highest efficiency that a
heat engine can possibly have?
First we define reversible and irreversible
processes
Reversible process = can be reversed without
leaving any trace on the surroundings.
Both system and surroundings are returned
to their initial states at the end of the
process
An idealization.
Irreversibilities
• Friction
• Unrestrained expansion
• Mixing of two fluids
• Heat transfer across a finite temperature difference
• Electrical resistance
• Inelastic deformation of solids
• Chemical reactions
The most efficient cycle
• The most efficient cycles are cycles that consist of
reversible processes – require the least amount of
work and deliver the most output
• Cannot be achieved in practice due to the
irreversibilities associated with processes
• Provide upper limits on the performance of real
cycles
• Best known reversible cycle = the Carnot cycle
The Carnot heat engine
• Composed of two isothermal and two
adiabatic processes
• Process 1 – 2: reversible isothermal expansion
• Process 2 – 3: reversible adiabatic expansion
• Process 3 – 4: reversible isothermal compression
• Process 4 – 1: reversible adiabatic compression
The reversed Carnot cycle
• The Carnot refrigeration cycle
Carnot principles
1. The efficiency of an
irreversible heat engine is
always less than the
efficiency of a reversible one
operating between the same
two reservoirs.
2. The efficiencies of all
reversible heat engines
operating between the same
two reservoirs are the same.
The thermodynamic temperature
scale

th, rev = f(TH, TL)


The Carnot heat engine
Wnet,out QL
th   1
QH QH
TL
th  1 
TH

Referred to as the Carnot efficiency


This is the highest possible efficiency a heat engine operating
between the two thermal energy reservoirs at temperature TH
and TL can have.
T in Kelvin.
The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump

• Carnot refrigerator and Carnot heat pump


operates on a reversed Carnot cycle

QL 1 QH 1
COPR   COPHP  
Wnet ,in QH / QL  1 Wnet ,in 1  QH / QL

QL 1 QH 1
COPR   COPHP  
Wnet ,in TH / TL  1 Wnet ,in 1  TH / TL
Note: COPs decrease as TL decreases
Summary
Today we looked at,
• Reversible and irreversible processes
• The Carnot cycle and Carnot efficiencies

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