Tutorial Chapter 6: Job Design

and Work Measurement

Prepared by

Dr Noor Ajian Mohd Lair

Senior Lecturer
Mechaincal Engineering Program
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sabah

Office No 43, 2nd floor

Ext: 3422
email: [email protected]
 Time Study Example 1
▶ The time study of a work at a Red Lobster
restaurant yielded an average observed
time of 4.0 minutes. The analyst rated the
observed worker at 85%. This means the
worker performed at 85% of normal when
study was made. The firm uses a 13%
allowance factor (based on % of time
worked per day). Red Lobster wants to
compute the normal time and the standrad
time for this operation.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 - 2
 Time Study Example 1
Average observed time = 4.0 minutes
Worker rating = 85%
Allowance factor = 13%

Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating factor)

= (4.0)(.85) NTTS  OTTS  PR
= 3.4 minutes  1  n
STWorkTime   
1  AF  i 1
NT
Normal time 3.4 3.4
Standard time = = =
1 - Allowance factor 1 - .13 .87
= 3.9 minutes
Therefore, the standrad time for the operation the company
should used is 3.9 minutes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 - 3
 Time Study Example 2
▶ Management Science Associate promotes its
management development seminars by mailing
thousands of individually composed and typed
letters to various firms. A time study has been
conducted on the task of preparing letters for
mailing and found to be consisted of three elements
(as shown in the table below).
▶ On the basis of the following observations,
Management Science Associates wants to develop
a time standrad for this task. The firm's personal,
delay, and fatigue allowance factor is 15% (based
on % of time worked per day).
OBSERVATIONS (MIN) PERFORMANCE
JOB ELEMENT 1 2 3 4 5 RATING
(A) Compose and type letter 8 10 9 21* 11 120%
(B) Type envelope address 2 3 2 1 3 105%
(C) Stuff, stamp, and seal 2 1 5* 2 1 110%
envelopes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 - 4
 Time Study Example 2
Allowance factor = 15%

OBSERVATIONS (MIN) PERFORMANCE

JOB ELEMENT 1 2 3 4 5 RATING
(A) Compose and type letter 8 10 9 21* 11 120%
(B) Type envelope address 2 3 2 1 3 105%
(C) Stuff, stamp, and seal 2 1 5* 2 1 110%
envelopes

1. Delete unusual or nonrecurring observations (marked with *)

2. Compute average times for each element
Average time for A = (8 + 10 + 9 + 11)/4 = 9.5 minutes
Average time for B = (2 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 3)/5 = 2.2 minutes
Average time for C = (2 + 1 + 2 + 1)/4 = 1.5 minutes
1 n
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. OTTS 10 - 5 xi
n i 1
 Time Study Example 2
3. Compute the normal time for each element
Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating)
Normal time for A = (9.5)(1.2) = 11.4 minutes NTTS  OTTS  PR
Normal time for B = (2.2)(1.05) = 2.31 minutes
Normal time for C = (1.5)(1.10) = 1.65 minutes
4. Add the normal times to find the total normal time
Total normal time = 11.40 + 2.31 + 1.65
 1  n

= 15.36 minutes
STWorkTime   NT
5. Compute the standard time for the job 1  AF  i 1
Total normal time
Standard time =
1 - Allowance factor
15.36
= 1 - .15 = 18.07 minutes
Therefore, the standrad time the company should used for the job
is 18.07 minutes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 - 6
 Time Study Example 3
• Thomas W. Jones Manufacturing Co. has
asked to check a labor standrad prepared
by a recently terminated analyst. Your first
task is to determine the correct sample
size. Your accuracy is to be within ±5%
and your confidence level at 95%. The
standrad deviation of the sample is 1.0
and the mean 3.00
 Time Study Example 3
Desired accuracy with 5%
Confidence level = 95%
Sample standard deviation = 1.0
Sample mean = 3.00
h = .05 x = 3.00 s = 1.0
z = 1.96 (from Table S10.1 or Appendix I)
2
 z / 2 s 
nTS   
 hx 
æ 1.96 ´1.0 ö
2

n=ç ÷ = 170.74 » 171

è .05 ´ 3 ø
The required sample size to be collected is 171 samples
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 - 8
 Work Sampling Example 4
▶ The manager of Michigan County's welfare
office, Dana Johnson, estimates that her
employees are idle 25% of the time. She
would like to take a work sample that is
accurate within ±3 % and wants to have
95.45% confidence in the results.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 - 9

 Work Sampling Example 4
Estimates employees idle 25% of the time
Sample should be accurate within ± 3%
Wants to have 95.45% confidence in the results
z / 2 p (1  p )
2
nWS 
l2
where n = required sample size
z = 2 for a 95.45% confidence level
p = estimate of idle proportion = 25% = .25
l = acceptable error of 3% = .03

(2)2 (.25)(.75)
n= 2
= 833 observations
(.03)
Therefore, Ms Johnson required 833 observations to be
taken
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 - 10
 Work Sampling Example 5
▶ Dana Johnson, the manager of Michigan Country's welfare office,
wants to be sure her employees have adequate time to provide
prompt, helpful service. She believes that service to welfare clients
who phone or walk in without an appointment deteriorates rapidly
when employees are busy more than 75% of the time.
Consequently, she does not want her employees to be occupied
with client service activities more than 75% of the time
▶ The study requires several things: first based on the calculation in
Example 4, 833 observations are needed. Second, observations
are to be made in a random, nonbiased way over a period of 2
weeks to ensure a true sample. Third, the analyst must define the
activities that are "work". In this case, work is defined as all the
activities necessary to take care of the client (filing, meetings, data
entry, discussions with supervisor etc.). Fourth, personal time is to
be included in the 25% of nonwork time. fifth, the observations are
made in a nonintrusive way so as not to distort the normal work
patterns. At the end of the 2 weeks, the 833 observations yields the
following results:
NO. OF OBSERVATIONS ACTIVITY
485 On the phone or meeting with a welfare client
126 Idle
62 Personal time
23 Discussions with supervisor
137
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Filing, meeting, and computer data entry 10 - 11
833
 Work Sampling Example 5
NO. OF
OBSERVATIONS ACTIVITY
485 On the phone or meeting with a welfare client
126 Idle
62 Personal time
23 Discussions with supervisor
137 Filing, meeting, and computer data entry
833

All but idle and personal time are work related

Percentage idle time = (126 + 62)/833 = 22.6%
Since this is less than the target value of 25%, the
workload needs to be adjusted
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 - 12
 The End

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 - 13