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Smart Antenna

This document discusses smart antennas, which can adapt antenna patterns to radio conditions rather than using fixed patterns. Smart antennas aim to increase capacity and range by directing signals towards users rather than radiating power in all directions. They do this using arrays of antenna elements and digital signal processing to determine directions of incoming signals and interference. Smart antennas evolve from simple switched patterns to adaptive arrays that can null interference. Their use may start on uplinks only and expand to downlinks and full space division multiple access. Challenges include complex transceivers, new network functions, and larger antenna sizes. Some initial trials have taken place in Europe.

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119 views17 pages

Smart Antenna

This document discusses smart antennas, which can adapt antenna patterns to radio conditions rather than using fixed patterns. Smart antennas aim to increase capacity and range by directing signals towards users rather than radiating power in all directions. They do this using arrays of antenna elements and digital signal processing to determine directions of incoming signals and interference. Smart antennas evolve from simple switched patterns to adaptive arrays that can null interference. Their use may start on uplinks only and expand to downlinks and full space division multiple access. Challenges include complex transceivers, new network functions, and larger antenna sizes. Some initial trials have taken place in Europe.

Uploaded by

communicationriders
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SMART ANTENNAS

Smart Antennas
The presentation is divided into the
following:
Why?
What?
How?
Why Smart Antennas?
- Large increase in Capacity
- Increased range
- Potential to introduce new services
- More security
- Reduced Multipath propagation
What are Smart Antennas?
- In a cellular system the radio communication is
between the user and a base station, which
provides radio coverage within a certain area,
called a cell.
- The base stations are omni directional or
sectored.
- This is a waste of power as most of it will be
radiated in other directions than toward the user.
- The power radiated in other directions will be
experienced as interference by other users.
What are Smart Antennas (SA)?
- The idea of smart antennas is to use base
station antenna patterns that are not fixed, but
adapt to the current radio conditions.

- This can be visualized as the antenna directing


a beam toward the communication partner only.
Illustration of Smart Antennas
Sharing the Radio Spectrum
Users communicating via the same base station
have been separated in various ways:

- by frequency as in FDMA ( frequency division


multiple access),
- by time as in TDMA ( time division multiple
access),
- by code as in CDMA ( code division multiple
access) and
- by space through SDMA ( space division multiple
access) in smart antennas.
The Concept
- Smart Antenna consists of a number of radiating
elements, a combining/dividing network and a
control unit.
- Control unit can be called the smart antenna’s
intelligence. It is realized using a digital signal
processor (DSP).
- Based on this definition of smart antenna, one can
define “levels of Intelligence”.
Levels of Intelligence
1.) Switched lobe (SL)

- simplest technique, also called switched beam.


- comprises of only a basic switching function
between separate directive antennas or predefined
beams of an array.
- the setting that gives the best performance is
chosen.
Levels of Intelligence
2.)Dynamically phased array (PA):

- a direction of arrival (DOA) algorithm is included for


the signal received from the user.
- continuous tracking can be achieved.
- generalization of the switched lobe concept.
Levels of Intelligence
3.) Adaptive array (AA):

- a DOA algorithm for determining the direction


toward interference sources (e.g., other users) is
added.
- the radiation pattern can then be adjusted to null
out the interferers.
Levels of Intelligence
Evolution of Smart Antennas
An evolution can be foreseen in the utilization of
smart antennas. The evolution can be divided into
three phases:

- Smart antennas are used on uplink only. This


concept is called high sensitivity receiver (HSR).

- In the second phase, directed antenna beams are


used on the downlink direction in addition to HSR.

- The last stage in the development will be full


space division multiple access (SDMA).
Drawbacks and Cost factors
- Transceiver Complexity -- A smart antenna
transceiver is much more complex than a traditional
base station transceiver.
- Need for more powerful algorithms, processors and
control systems.
- Resource Management -- New demands on network
functions such as resource and mobility management
are needed.
- Physical Size -- For the smart antenna to obtain a
reasonable gain, an array antenna with several
elements is necessary.
Status: Trials and Testbeds

- Ericsson/Mannesmann Trial in Giessen,


Germany
- Tsunami II Trial in Bristol, UK
Picture of an 8-element array antenna
at 1.8 GHz. (Antenna property of Telia Research AB, Sweden).
Thank You!

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