Bearing Maintenance Technology

Er Prateek Gupta
Er Ranjeet Singh
 TRAINING AGENDA
To let every concerned understand the causes
of bearing failures and the best practices to
prevent them.
Topics PART 1
Bearing Basics
Nomenclature of Bearings
Types of bearings.
PART 2
Why bearings fail ?
 Bearing Basics
A load carrying device which facilitates rotational
motion and reduces friction between two solid members
and at the same time, restricts, within itself, motion in
other directions.
Functions of a Bearing
•Carries Load

•Reduces Friction

•Limits Unwanted Motion

 Bearing Components
Rolling elements
Cage
Inner Ring

Outer Ring
 Material used for Bearing
THROUGH-HARDENING STEEL (Commonly used)
Carbon Chromium Steel containing approximately 1%
carbon and 1.5% chromium.

CASE HARDENING STEELS (heavy shock loads)

Chromium-Nickel alloyed Steel and Manganese-chromium

alloyed Steel containing approximate 0.15% carbon.
 Hardening Process
Martensite Hardening- Standard Bearings (Less costly )
Advantage Disadvantage
•Less Costly. •Highest risk of Surface crack.
•Fixture can be used to reduce distortion.

Bainitic Hardening- Heavy loaded Bearing ( Spherical roller Bearing.)

Advantage Disadvantage
•Tough Structure. •More Costly.
•Compressive residual surface stresses •Lower Hardness.
•Automatic Dimension Stability.

Case Hardening-Extremely Heavy loaded Bearing,(large size Bearing)

Advantage Disadvantage
•Hard Surface and Soft core resists through cracking. •Time Consuming and Costly process
•Highest Compressive residual surface stresses
 CAGES
Function of cages
• Prevent immediate Contact between rolling elements to
minimize friction and heat generation.
• Guide the rolling elements.
• Provide Space for lubricants.
• Retain the rolling elements when bearing of Separable design are

mounted and dismounted.

 Types of cages
Polyamide Cage
+ Light Weight.
+ High Strength.
+ No Operating Temperature Limit.
- Sensitive to poor lubrication.
Window-Type Sheet Steel Cage
+ Light weight.
+ High Strength.
+ No Operating Temperature limit.
+ High Vibration and acceleration resistance.
Sensitive to poor Lubrication.
Window-Type Solid Brass Cage
+ Very High Strength.
+ Very High vibration and acceleration resistance.
+ Suitable for very High Speed in Connection with Circulation oil.
- Relative (very) expensive.
Bearing Nomenclature
 Typical bearing is the 6203ZZ bearing. This part number can be divided into
it's components:

6 2 03 ZZ
which means

Type Code Series Bore Suffix

 FIRST DIGIT

1 Self-Aligning Ball Bearing

2 Spherical Roller Bearing

6 2 03 ZZ
Double-Row Angular
3 Contact Ball Bearing
4 Double-Row Ball Bearing
If the bearing is an inch bearing (the first digit in the
5 Thrust Ball Bearing
number is an R), then the size is the digit or digits
6
Single-Row Deep immediately following the R, in 16ths of an inch. An
Groove Ball Bearing
R8-2RS bearing, for example, has an 8/16th or 1/2
7 Single-Row Angular inch bore.
Contact Bearing
8 Felt Seal

32 Tapered Roller Bearing

R Inch (Non-Metric) Bearing

N Cylindrical Roller Bearing

NN Double-Row Roller Bearing

NA Needle Roller Bearing

 SECOND DIGIT

6 2 03 ZZ
the second digit is the series, which reflects the robustness of the bearing.
The series are, from lightest to heaviest:

8 Extra thin section

9 Very thin section
0 Extra light
1 Extra light thrust
2 Light
3 Medium
4 Heavy
 THIRD/FOURTH DIGIT

6 2 03 ZZ

00 10mm
The third and fourth digits indicate
the bore size in millimeters. Except 01 12mm
for 0 through 3, the bore size is
simply five times the third and 02 15mm
fourth digits together. 0 through 3,
however, are different 03 17mm
 LAST LETTERS/SUFFIX

6 2 03 ZZ
The last letters indicate something special about the bearing. For
example:
Z Single shielded
ZZ Double shielded
RS Single sealed
2RS Double sealed
V Single non-contact seal
VV Double non-contact seal
DDU Double contact seals
NR Snap ring and groove
M Brass cage
LAST LETTERS/SUFFIX

6 2 03 ZZ

Divided into five categories :

• Modified internal Design.

• Modified external Design.
• Modified cage design.
• Modified tolerance performance.
• Modification of enhance performance.
 1.
1. Modified
Modified internal
internal Design.
Design.
A-Deviating or modified internal design with same boundary dimensions. As a
rule the significance of the letter is bound to the particular bearing or bearing
series. Examples -7210A Single row angular contact ball bearing without
filling slots.
B-Deviating or modified internal design with same boundary dimensions.
As a rule the significance of the letter is bound to the particular bearing series
Examples -7210 B -Single row angular contact ball bearing with a 40°contact
angle.
C- Deviating or modified internal design with same boundary dimensions. As a
rule the significance of the letter is bound to the particular bearing series.
Examples: -7210 C Single row angular contact ball bearing with 15° contact angle
CA- Spherical roller bearing of C design, but with retaining flanges on the
inner ring and a machined cage
CAC -Spherical roller bearing of CA design but with enhanced roller guidance
2.Modified
2.Modified external
external Design
Design

RS - Contact seal of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NRB)

with or without sheet steel reinforcement on one side of the
bearing .

RZ -Sheet steel reinforced low-friction seal of acrylonitrile-

butadiene rubber (NBR).
 3.Modified
3.Modified cage
cage design
design

M-Machined brass cage, rolling element centered; different designs or material

grades are identified by a figure or a letter , e.g. M2, MC
MA -Machined brass cage, outer ring centered .
MB -Machined brass cage, inner ring centered .
ML -Machined one-piece window-type brass cage, inner or outer ring
centered
MP -Machined one-piece window-type brass cage, with punched or reamed
pockets, inner or outer ring centered.
P -Injection moulded cage of glass fiber reinforced polyamide
66, rolling element centered .
4.Modified
4.Modified tolerance
tolerance performance
performance

C1 -Bearing internal clearance smaller than C2 .

C2 -Bearing internal clearance smaller than
Normal .
C3 -Bearing internal clearance greater than Normal .
C4 -Bearing internal clearance greater than C3 .
C5 -Bearing internal clearance greater than C4 .
5.Modified
5.Modified of
of enhance
enhance performance
performance
HT -Grease fill for high temperatures (e.g. –20 to +130 °C).

LHT -Grease fill for low and high temperatures (e.g. –40 to +140 °C).

LT -Grease fill for low temperatures (e.g. –50 to +80 °C).

P4 -Dimensional and running accuracy to ISO tolerance class 4

YEARS

DATA CODE— A. 1910

B. 1911
C 1912
D
Z 1933
 EXAMPLE
Bore O.D. Thickness
Number
mm mm mm
6010-2RS 50 80 16
6210-2RS 50 90 20
6310-2RS 50 110 27

We can see from the part numbers that they're all 50mm single-row deep groove ball
bearings. However, we can also see that they're each a different series; specifically,
Extra Light, Light, and Medium. Compare the O.D. and thickness of each bearing, and
you can see how the Extra Light bearing (series 0) is the smallest, and the Medium
Bearing (series 3) is the largest. The larger bearing can take much more load than the
smaller bearing, though how much depends on the manufacturer and the RPM the
bearing is run at.
CLASSIFICATION of Bearings
 Bearing Loads

Loads are Transmit between the stationary part of machine (Housing) and a
rotary part of a machine (shaft) with minimum resistance.
Load Examples:
Radial - Belt tension
Axial - pumps
Combined - Car Wheel Turning
 TYPES OF BEARINGS
• Ball
– Deep Groove
– Angular Contact
• Roller
– Cylindrical
– Spherical (Double & Single-Row)
– Tapered
– Needle
Comparison between Ball and
Rollers bearings
 Ball and Roller bearing

Races and balls are high carbon chrome steel (to provide resistance to wear)
machined and ground to fine limits of 0.0025 mm, highly polished and hardened.
The cages are made of low-carbon steel, bronzes or brasses, though for high
temperature application case-hardened and stainless steels are used.
 Point
PointContact-Ball
Contact-Ballhaving
havingpoint
pointcontact.
contact.
Line
Linecontact
contact -Roller
-Rollerhaving
havingline
linecontact.
contact.

• Single row deep-groove ball bearing:

– Incorporating a deep hardened raceway which makes them
suitable for radial and axial loads in either direction, provided
the radial loads are greater than the axial loads.

• Single row roller bearing:

– Roller bearing have a greater load-carrying capacity than ball
bearing of equivalent size as they make line contact rather than
point contact with their rings.
• Not suitable for axial loading, cheaper to manufacture,
used for heavy and sudden loading, high speed and
continuous service.
BALL BEARINGS
Single Row Deep Groove
Ball Bearing

Accommodates Radial and Axial

Loads
High Speeds
Low Friction
Also Known as “Conrad”
Bearings
Locating Bearing
Seals/Shields
Single Row Deep Groove
Ball Bearing
Applications
• Industrial
– Electric Motors/Power Tools
– Gearboxes, Transmissions
– Pumps/Compressors
– Office Automation
• Automotive
– Alternators/Starters
– Cooling Fans
– ABS Motors
Angular Contact Ball Bearings
• Accommodates Radial Loads, also
Axial Loads in One Direction
• Greater Axial Load Capacity than
Single Row Deep Groove Bearings
• High Rigidity with Preload
• Frequently Sold as Matched Sets
• High Speed
• Low Friction
• Locating In One Direction
Angular Contact Ball Bearings
Applications
• Pumps & Compressors
• Metal Rolling Mills
• Electric Motors & Generators
• Machine Tool Spindles
• Automotive Hub Bearings
Double Row Angular Contact

• Equivalent to Two Bearings mounted

Back to Back
• Accommodates Radial Loads and Axial
Loads in Both Directions
• One Piece Outer Ring / Inner Ring
• Reduces Width Required
Applications
– Centrifugal Pumps
– Electric Motors
– Blowers & Fans
– Transmissions/Gearboxes
  

Single row Double row Four Point Contact

Ball Bearing Characteristics
Deep Angular
Groove Contact
Radial
F G
Load
Axial
F G
Load
Combined
F G
Load
High Speed E E
High
E E
Accuracy
Low noise
E G
& Torque
Angular
Misalignment G F
E: Excellent G: Good F: Fair P: Poor X: Impossible
ROLLER BEARINGS
Cylindrical Roller Bearings
•Very High Radial Load Capacity
•Good Speed Capability
•Separable Inner or Outer Ring
•Limited Misalignment Capability
•Rings Can Move Axially During
Operation (within limits)
Applications
– Large Electric Motors
– Gearboxes/Transmissions, Presses
– Machine Tool Spindles
– Steel Mills (Rolling Mills)
Cylindrical Roller Bearings
•Very High Radial Load Capacity
•Good Speed Capability
•Separable Inner or Outer Ring
•Limited Misalignment Capability
•Rings Can Move Axially During
Operation (within limits)
Applications
– Large Electric Motors
– Gearboxes/Transmissions, Presses
– Machine Tool Spindles
– Steel Mills (Rolling Mills)
Cylindrical Roller Bearing Types

NU NJ NUP N
Spherical Roller Bearings
• High Load Carrying Capacity
– Heavy Radial Loads/Impact Loads
– Moderate Axial Loads
– Different Series Carry Different
Ratio of Radial and Axial Loads
• Fair Speed Capability
• Can Take Misalignment
– Up to 11/2 o
– No Loss in Capacity
• Typically Two-Rows
Spherical Roller Bearings
Applications

• Steel Mills
• Paper Mills
• Continuous Casting Machinery
• Aggregate Equipment
• Large Gearboxes
• Large Air Handling Equipment
Tapered Roller Bearings
• Designed for Heavy Axial/Radial Loads In One
Direction
• Outer Ring is Separable
– Outer Ring is Commonly Called the Cup
– Inner Ring (w/ rollers & retainer) is Commonly
Called the Cone
• Fixed Contact Angle
– Shallow - Larger Radial Load Capacity (Larger
“K” or “Y” Factor)
– Steep - Larger Axial Load Capacity (Smaller “K”
or “Y” Factor)
• Limited Misalignment Capability
• Locating in One Direction
• Typically Used With Another TRB
Tapered Roller Bearings
Applications
• Automotive Uses
– Differential
– Transmissions
– Heavy Duty Wheel Bearings
• Aircraft Wheel Bearings
• Heavy Duty Industrial Gearboxes
• Steel Mill Guide Boxes/Work Rolls
(Rollneck)
• Plastic/Metal Forming Equipment
 Roller Bearing Characteristics

Cylindrical Spherical Taper

Radial Load
G E G
Axial Load
X/P F G
Combined Load
X/F G G
High Speed E F G
High Accuracy G F G
Low Noise
G F F
& Torque
Angular
Misalignment F E F
E: Excellent G: Good F: Fair P: Poor X: Impossible
Bearing Characteristics Comparison
Radial load Thrust (Axial) Relative permissible
Bearing Types capacity load capacity speed
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 4 7 10 13
Deep Groove
Ball Bearings

Angular Contact
Ball Bearings

Cylindrical
Roller Bearings

Tapered Roller
Bearings

Spherical Roller
Bearings
Oil Bath lubrication
With special measures to increase speed limit
Thrust Ball bearing
 Thrust Ball bearing

Thrust Ball Bearings carry pure thrust (axial)

loads. When a load is properly applied to this
bearing, the internal contact points are aligned
on a plane parallel to the shaft. Radial loads
dislodge the balls from their track. Thrust ball
bearings can be single direction and double
direction designs.
 Types of Thrust Ball Bearing—

1. Single Direction Thrust Ball Bearings.

These bearings consist of one row of balls, which rotate, between a housing
washer and a shaft washer. They are separable type and can be mounted
separately. Single direction thrust ball bearings, can accommodate axial
loads in one direction and locate a shaft axially in one direction. They are not
suitable to any radial load.
2. Double Direction Thrust Ball Bearings
These bearings consist of two separate rows of balls which rotate
between a center shaft washer and two housing washers. This
bearing should be used when a thrust load is applied from two
directions. They are separable type and can be mounted separately
on the shaft.
 SELECTION OF BEARING TYPE
• Criteria for selection of bearing :
• Available space
• Load
• Misalignment
• Precision
• Speed
• Quite running
• Stiffness
• Axial displacement
• Mounting and dismounting
END OF PART 1