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Syntax Directed Translation

1. Syntax-directed definitions extend context-free grammars with attributes and semantic rules to evaluate attributes during parsing. Attributes can be synthesized, computed from children nodes, or inherited, computed from parent and sibling nodes. 2. Parsing constructs syntax trees from productions. Semantic rules evaluate attributes by traversing the tree. Dependency graphs model attribute dependencies. 3. Bottom-up and top-down evaluation strategies determine order of semantic rule application based on tree traversal and attribute dependencies.

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Vasantha Kumari
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158 views

Syntax Directed Translation

1. Syntax-directed definitions extend context-free grammars with attributes and semantic rules to evaluate attributes during parsing. Attributes can be synthesized, computed from children nodes, or inherited, computed from parent and sibling nodes. 2. Parsing constructs syntax trees from productions. Semantic rules evaluate attributes by traversing the tree. Dependency graphs model attribute dependencies. 3. Bottom-up and top-down evaluation strategies determine order of semantic rule application based on tree traversal and attribute dependencies.

Uploaded by

Vasantha Kumari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Syntax-Directed Translation

1. Syntax-Directed Definitions
A syntax-directed definition is a generalization of a context-
free grammar in which:
– Each grammar symbol is associated with a set of
attributes.
– This set of attributes for a grammar symbol is partitioned
into two subsets called
• synthesized and
• inherited attributes of that grammar symbol.
– Each production rule is associated with a set of semantic
rules.
Syntax-Directed Definition –
Example(calculator)
Production Semantic Rules
L → E return print(E.val)
E → E1 + T E.val = E1.val + T.val
E→T E.val = T.val
T → T1 * F T.val = T1.val * F.val
T→F T.val = F.val
F→(E) F.val = E.val
F → digit F.val = digit.lexval

1. Symbols E, T, and F are associated with a synthesized attribute val.


2. The token digit has a synthesized attribute lexval (it is assumed
that it is evaluated by the lexical analyzer).
Synthesized attributes
• The attribute values are computed from the
values of attributes at the children’s of that
node in the parse tree is called synthesized
attributes. Eg: calculator
Synthesized attributes- Example
Inherited attributes
• The attribute values are computed from the
values of attributes of their parents and their
siblings of that node is called inherited
attributes. Eg: Declaration statements
Inherited attributes- Example
Production Semantic Rules
D→TL L.in = T.type
T → int T.type = integer
T → real T.type = real
L → L1 , id L1.in = L.in, addtype(id.entry,L.in)
L → id addtype(id.entry,L.in)

Example: real id, id, id;


Inherited attributes- Example
Dependency Graph
• The interdependencies among the inherited and
synthesized attributes at the nodes in the parse
tree can be depicted by a directed graph is called
dependency graph.
Evaluation Order
• A topological sort of a directed acyclic
graph is any ordering m1, m2,….mk of
the node of the graph such that edges
go from nodes earlier in the ordering to
later nodes; that is, if mi->mj is an edge
from mi to mj, then mi appears before
mj in the ordering.
• Several methods have been proposed
for evaluating semantic rules:
 Parse tree methods.
 Rule based methods.
 Oblivious methods.
2. Construction of Syntax Trees
3*5+4
Syntax Trees- Example
Syntax Trees-Syntax directed defnition
PRODUCTION SEMANTIC RULE
E  E1 + T E.nptr = mknode(“+”,E1.nptr ,T.nptr)
E  E1 - T E.nptr = mknode(“-”,E1.nptr ,T.nptr)
ET E.nptr = T.nptr
T  (E) T.nptr = E.nptr
T  id T.nptr = mkleaf(id, id.lexval)
T  num T.nptr = mkleaf(num, num.val)
Directed Acyclic Graphs for Expressions
(1) p1 := mkleaf(id,a);
(2) p2 := mkleaf(id,a);
(3) p3 := mkleaf(id,b);
(4) p4 := mkleaf(id,c);
(5) p5 := mknode(' - ' ,p3,p4);
(6) p6 := mknode(' * ' ,p2,p5);
(7) p7 := mknode(' + ' ,p1,p6);
(8) p8 := mkleaf(id,b);
(9) p9 := mkleaf(id,c);
(10) p10 := mknode(' - ' ,p8,p9);
(11) p11 := mkleaf(id,d);
(12) p12 := mknode(' * ' ,p10,p11);
(13) p13 := mknode(' + ' ,p7,p12);
Directed Acyclic Graphs for
Expressions
Bottom-Up Evaluation of S-Attributed
Definitions
• A syntax directed definition that uses
synthesized attributes exclusively is said to be
an S- attributed definition.
Table: Parser stack with attributes.
State Val

X X.x
Y Y.x
top Z Z.x
Production Code fragment

L->E n print(val[top])
E->E + T val[ntop] :=val[top-2] + val[top]
E->T
E->T*F val[ntop] :=val[top-2] * val[top]
T->F
F->(E) val[ntop] := val[top-1]
F-> digit
3. L-attributed definitions
• These are definitions that define rules for determining
inherited attributes in which each inherited attribute
depends only on
 The attributes of the symbols to the left of it in the
production
 The inherited attributes of the non-terminal on the left-
side of the production
• Every L-attributed definition is L-attributed, as the rules
stated above apply only to inherited attributes. L-
attributed definitions are said to be L-attributed as
information flows from left to right in the syntax tree.
4. Top down translation
5. Bottom up evaluation of
inherited attributes
Production Semantic Rules
D → T L L.in = T.type
T → int T.type = integer
T → real T.type = real
L → L1 , id L1.in = L.in,
addtype(id.entry,L.in)
L → id
addtype(id.entry,L.in)

Example: real id, id, id;

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