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SEPTEMBER 06, 2010

Design of Two-Way Floor Slab
System
DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
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‰ Direct Design Method

‰ Example of DDM
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Method of dividing total static moment Mo into
positive and negative moments.

Limitations on use of Direct Design method

1. Minimum of 3 continuous spans in each direction.

(3 x 3 panel)
2. Rectangular panels with long span/short span p 2
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Limitations on use of Direct Design method
3. Successive span in each direction shall not differ by
more than 1/3 the longer span.
4. Columns may be offset from
the basic rectangular grid of
the building by up to 0.1
times the span parallel to the
offset.
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Limitations on use of Direct Design method
5. All loads must be due to gravity only (N/A to
unbraced laterally loaded frames, from mats or
pre-stressed slabs)
6. Service (unfactored) live load p 2 service dead
load
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Limitations on use of Direct Design method
7. For panels with beams between supports on all
sides, relative stiffness of the beams in the 2
perpendicular directions.
2
ju1 2
2
ju2 1
Shall not be less than 0.2 nor greater than 5.0
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Limitations on use of Direct Design method
8. Moment redistribution as permitted by Section
408.4 (Method of Analysis; NSCP) shall not
be applied for slab systems designed by the
Direct Design Method.
9. Variations from the Limitations of Section
413.7.1 shall be permitted if demonstrated by
analysis as long as requirements of Section
413.6.1 are satisfied.
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Limitations on use of Direct Design method
SECTION 413.6.1

A slab system shall be distinguished by

procedure satisfying conditions of
equilibrium and geometric compatibility, if
shown that the design strength at every
section is at least equal to the required
strength set forth in section 409.3 (Required
Strength) and 409.4 (Design Strength)
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Limitations on use of Direct Design method
SECTION 413.6.1

and that all serviceability conditions, including

limits of deflections are met.
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 j
j

Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along

slab edge reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.

flexural stiffness of beam

j^
flexural stiffness of slab
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 j
j
j
4E cb ½ b / u 4E cb ½ b
j^ ^
4E cs ½ s / u 4E cs ½ s
E cb ^ Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete
E sb ^ Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
I b ^ Moment of inertia of uncracked beam
I s ^ Moment of inertia of uncracked slab

With width bounded laterally by centerline of adjacent panels on

each side of the beam.

j
^

  uu 
 —

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CASE 1:
j- › 0.2
t min ^ 125mm ithout drop panels
t min ^ 100mm ith drop panels
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 u :
bf
tf

hw

bw

b flange ^ bw ë 2hw
b flange ^ bw ë 8tf
* choose whichever is the smallest
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CASE 2:
0.2 › j- › 2
n[0.8 ( y/1500)]
 min ^
36 5 j
u 0.2)
here :

^


n ^ long clear span
n ^ short clear span
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CASE 3:
j- o 2
n[0.8
( y/1500)]
 min ^
36
9
here :

^


n ^ long clear span
n ^ short clear span
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Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

Section A-A:
èu12
Moment per ft width in planks  ^ k - ft/ft
u12 8
Total Moment  f ^ u2
k - ft
8
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Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

èu1
Uniform load on each beam  k/ t
2  u1
u22
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B)  lb ^  Ë k - ft
 Ë
 2 8
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Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

u22
Total Moment in both beams  ^ u1
k - ft
8
Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was
transferred north-south by the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.
 

 
 
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1. Choose layout and type of slab.
2. Choose slab thickness to control deflection. Also,
check if thickness is adequate for shear.
3. Choose Design method
± Equivalent Frame Method- use elastic frame
analysis to compute positive and negative
moments
± Direct Design Method - uses coefficients to
compute positive and negative slab moments
 

 
 
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4. Calculate positive and negative moments in the slab.

5. Determine distribution of moments across the width of
the slab. - Based on geometry and beam stiffness.
6. Assign a portion of moment to beams, if present.
7. Design reinforcement for moments from steps 5 and 6.
8. Check shear strengths at the columns
    








 
Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement
At points of max. +/- M:  2 ACI 13.3.2

and  18 in. ACI 7.12.3

Max. and Min Reinforcement Requirements

˜s min
^ ˜s T &
rom I 7.12 I 13.3.1

˜s max
^ 0.75 ˜s bal

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Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two

directions:
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Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two

directions:
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Total static Moment, Mo

2
uu
0 ^ u 2 n
ACI 13 - 3

8
where èu ^ actored load per unit area
u2 ^ transverse idth o the strip
un ^ clear span bet een columns
or circular columns, calc. un using h ^ 0.886d c

   
   

Moments vary across width of slab panel

š Design moments are averaged over

the width of column strips over the
columns middle strips between
column strips.
   
   

Column strips Design

w/width on either side of
a column centerline equal
to smaller of
0.25 u2
±0.25 u1
l1= length of span in
direction moments are
being determined.
l2= length of span
transverse to l1
   
   

Middle strips: Design

strip bounded by two
column strips.
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M0 is divided into + M and -M Rules given in ACI

sec. 13.6.3
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M0 is divided into + M and -M Rules given in ACI

sec. 13.6.3
2
uu
u 2 n
 u ë u avg
 0 ^
8
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For a typical interior panel, the total static moment is

divided into positive moment 0.35 Mo and negative
moment of 0.65 Mo.
For an exterior panel, the total static moment is
dependent on the type of reinforcement at the outside
edge.
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The factored components

of the moment for the
beam.
 
 
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The longitudinal moment values mentioned are for

the entire width of the equivalent building frame.
The width of two half column strips and two half-
middle stripes of adjacent panels.
 
 
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Transverse distribution
of the longitudinal
moments to middle and
column strips is a
function of the ratio of
length l2/l1,j1, and t.

 
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Transverse distribution of the longitudinal moments to

middle and column strips is a function of the ratio of
length l2/l1,j1, and t.
cb ½ b cb

j1 ^ ët ^
cs ½ s 2 cs ½ s

 0.63
 3 ÷


^
1  Ë Ë torsional constant
 Ë Ë
 ÷  3
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ACI Sec 13.6.3.4
For spans framing into a common support negative
moment sections shall be designed to resist the larger of
the 2 interior Mu¶s
ACI Sec. 13.6.3.5
Edge beams or edges of slab shall be proportioned to
resist in torsion their share of exterior negative factored
moments
 ë
     
j^ Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of slab in
direction l1.

t^ Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to flexural stiffness of

slab(width= to beam length)
ë
     
 
ë
      
|
ë
      
|
 ë
     
j^ Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of slab in
direction l1.

t^ Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to flexural stiffness of

slab(width= to beam length)
 ë
     
j^ Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of slab in
direction l1.

t^ Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to flexural stiffness of

slab(width= to beam length)
 ë
     
j^ Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of slab in
direction l1.

t^ Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to flexural stiffness of

slab(width= to beam length)
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Factored Moments in beams (ACI Sec. 13.6.3)

Resist a percentage of column strip moment plus
moments due to loads applied directly to beams.
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Factored Moments in Middle strips (ACI Sec. 13.6.3)

The portion of the + Mu and - Mu not resisted

by column strips shall be proportionately
assigned to corresponding half middle strips.
Each middle strip shall be proportioned to
resist the sum of the moments assigned to its 2
half middle strips.
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The maximum and minimum bending moments at

the critical sections are obtained by placing the live
load in specific patterns to produce the extreme
values. Placing the live load on all spans will not
produce either the maximum positive or negative
bending moments.
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1. The ratio of live to dead load. A high ratio will

increase the effect of pattern loadings.
2. The ratio of column to beam stiffness. A low ratio
will increase the effect of pattern loadings.
3. Pattern loadings. Maximum positive moments
within the spans are less affected by pattern loadings.
  
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After all percentages of the static moments in the

column and middle strip are determined, the steel
reinforcement can be calculated for negative and
positive moments in each strip.

 


 u ^  ˜s  y  u Ë ^ u à 2
 Ë
 2
  
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Calculate Ru and determine the steel ratio á, where

=0.9. As = ábd. Calculate the minimum As from
ACI codes. Figure 13.3.8 is used to determine the
minimum development length of the bars.
u ^  èu  c 1 u 0.59 èu

á y
èu ^
c
    
 
 


  
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