Process master title

Controller Area format

Network

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 Introduction to CAN

The Necessity
• Usage of more and more electronics in Modern Motor Vehicles

• Usage of dedicated “Electronic Control Units” for each individual

functionality
• The need for information exchange between various ECUs and also
to share some sensors in common

ENGINE ANTI-LOCK BODY

CO NTROL BREAKING ELECTRONICS

ACTIVE AIR TRANSMISSION

SUSPENSION BAGS CONTROL

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 Introduction to CAN

The communication between ECUs

• By point to point interconnection

ENGINE ANTI-LOCK
CO NTROL BREAKING

ACTIVE AIR
SUSPENSION BAGS

• DISADVANTAGES
• Unreliability
• More material cost and
• More production time

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 Introduction to CAN

The Solution
• Adopting Bus communication instead of point to point communication

• Adopting a protocol to transmit and receive information through the bus

• The various vehicle bus protocols available are “CAN”, “A-BUS” from
Peugeot and Renault, and J1850 from Chrysler, General Motors and
Ford

ENGINE ANTI-LOCK AIR

CO NTROL BREAKING BAGS
CAN CAN CAN

CAN BUS

• In Europe, “CAN” is the leading vehicle bus protocol

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 Introduction to CAN

The “Controller Area Network” (CAN)

• Advanced Serial Bus protocol that efficiently supports distributed
control system

• Developed by Robert Bosch GMBH, Germany in late 1980s and also

holds the license

• Internationally standardized by the International Standardization

Organization (ISO) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)

• Apart from automotive application “CAN” is also used in Industrial

automation, Medical equipment, Building automation and household
appliances

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 The Basic Concepts

CAN Bus Characteristics

• There are two logic states on the bus called “Dominant” and
“Recessive”
• The Dominant bit (logic level ‘0’) overwrite the Recessive bit (logic level ‘1’)
5v
TRUTH TABLE

C B A BUS
D D D D
CAN BUS
D D R D
D R D D
D R R D
R D D D

R T R T R T R D R D
R R D D
R R R R
NODE A NODE B NODE C

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 The Basic Concepts

Characteristics of ‘CAN’
• Can is a multi-master Bus
•Theoriticaly No limitation on the number of nodes
• Configuration flexibility - No node addressing
• Prioritization of messages through “Identifiers”
• Multicast reception with the time synchronization
• System wide data consistency
• Guarantee of latency times
• Error detection and error signaling
• automatic retransmission of corrupted messages as soon as the bus
is idle again
• Distinction between temporary errors and permanent failures of
nodes and autonomous switching off of defect nodes

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 The Protocol

The ‘CAN’ Protocol is subdivided into

• Data Link Layer
- Logical Link Control (LLC) sub-layer
- Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer

• Physical layer

of the ISO/ OSI Reference Model

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 The Protocol

Scope of Different layers

Data Link Layer Physical Layer

Logical Link Control layer • Bit Encoding/Decoding

• Acceptance Filtering •Synchronization
•Overload Notification • Bit Timing
•Recovery Management

Medium Access control layer

•Data Encapsulation/Decapsulation
•Frame Coding (Stuffing/de-stuffing)
•Medium Access Management
•Error Detection/error signaling
•Acknowledgement and
•Serialization/de-serialization

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 The Basic Concepts

Bus Access and Arbitration

• Bus access through CSMA with AMP
NODE Arbitration phase
Remainder
A 0 1 0 0

B 0 1 0 1

C 0 1 1 0 Node B looses arbitration

Node C looses arbitration

BUS 0 1 0 0

• Advantages
• No Collision
• Transmission of highest priority message within the latency time

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 The Protocol

Frame Formats
• Standard Frame - 11bit Identifier
• Extended Frame - 29 bit Identifier

Frame Types
• Data Frame
• Remote Frame
• Error Frame
• Overload Frame

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 The Protocol

Standard Data Frame Format

ACK End of
Arbitration Field Control Field Data Field CRC Field Inter
Field Frame mission
-

RTR
SOF

IDE
11 Bit Identifier DLC (4) 0 to 64 Bits 15 Bits 7 Bits 3 Bits

r0
Bus Idle
CRC Delimiter
Bus Idle
Ack Slot
Ack Delimiter
Extended Data Frame Format
Arbitration Field Control Field Data Field

RTR
SRR
SOF

IDE

11 Bit Identifier 18 Bit Identifier DLC (4) 0 to 64 Bits

r1
r0
Difference between Standard Frame and Extended Frame
• Differs only in Arbitration field and Control field

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 The Protocol

Remote Frame Format

ACK End of
Arbitration Field Control Field CRC Field Inter
Field Frame
-mission

RTR
SOF

IDE
11 Bit Identifier DLC (4) 15 Bits 7 Bits 3 Bits

r0
CRC Delimiter
Ack Slot
Ack Delimiter

• Node acting as Receiver for certain data initiates a Remote frame

• Consists of all the fields except data field as compared to a data frame

• Contrary to Data Frames, the RTR bit is recessive

• Exists for both the standard and extended format

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 The Protocol

Error Frame Format (Active Error Frame)

Error Condition

Uncompleted Error Frame Inter-

Frame mission

6 Bits 0 -6 Bits 8 Bits 3 Bits

Superposition of Error Delimiter

Error Flag
• Error flag can be transmitted by both Transmitter and Receiver node

• Error flag can start within the frame that is currently being transmitted

Types of Error flags

• Active Error flag - consists of 6 consecutive ‘dominant’ bit sent by Error Active
node
• Passive Error flag - consists of 6 consecutive ‘recessive’ bit sent by Error passive
node

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 TEC<=255
Error Handling

REC > 127

OR
TEC > 255
Reset
TEC > 127 ERROR
PASSIVE

ERROR BUS
REC <= 127
ACTIVE OR
OFF
TEC <= 127
REC <= 127
OR
TEC <= 127
Re-
Initialization
only

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 Overload Frame Format
Condition under which overload frame is transmitted
• Receiver requires a delay to receive next Data or Remote frame
• Detection of a ‘dominant bit at the first or second bit of Intermission
• Detection of a ‘dominant’ bit at the 8th bit of an Error or overload Delimiter

End of Frame or OverloadFrame

Inter-
Error Delimiter or
mission
Overload Delimiter

6 Bits 0 -6 Bits 8 Bits 3 Bits

Superposition of Overload
Overload Delimiter
Flag

• Overload frame always starts within the Intermission slot of previous frame

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 Interframe Spacing
• The space separating Data / Remote frames from any preceding
frame
After the transmission of a frame by an Error Active
node
Previous Frame Interframe Spacing Next frame

3 Bits

Inter-
Bus idle
mission

After the transmission of a frame by an Error Passive

nodePrevious Frame Interframe Spacing Next frame

3 Bits 8 Bits

Inter- Suspend
Bus idle
mission Transmission

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 Message Validation

• For transmitter the message is valid, if there is no error until the EOF

• For receiver the message is valid, if there is no error until last but one bit
of the EOF

Types of Error
• CRC Error
• Acknowledge Error
• Form Error
• Bit Error
• Stuff Error

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 Message Coding
Non-Return-to-Zero coding
• Keeps the frequency of the signal on the bus to minimum.

“1”
“0”

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 ………………..

Bit-Stuffing
• Ensures sufficient Recessive and Dominant edges for Re-Synchronization.
Data Stream
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2

Bit Stream
1 1 2 3 4 5 S 6 7 8 9 10S 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 S 6 1 2

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 Bus Synchronization
• Hard Synchronization at Start of Frame Bit
All nodes synchronize on leading edge of SOF
bit

SOF IDENTIFIER FIELD

Intermission or Bus
idle

• Re-synchronization on each recessive to dominant edge

• Ensures correct sampling up to the last bit

Bit Stream
1 1 2 3 4 5 S 6 7 8 9 10S 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 S 6 1 2

Re-Sync Re-Sync Re-Sync Re-Sync Re-Sync Re-Sync

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 Bit Construction
CAN frame

Synchronization Segment (1 Bit)

Propagation Time Segment (1 to 8 Bits)

Phase Buffer Segment 1 (1 to 8 Bits)

1 Time Quantum
Phase Buffer Segment 2 (1 to 8 Bits)

1 Bit Time
Sample Point

• Each segment is an integer multiple of the Time Quantum

• Time Quantum per bit - 8 to 25
• Bit rate - a function of the width of Time Quantum and the number of Time
quantum in each segment

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 Process master title format

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