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Thermal Properties of Matter: Centre For Sceince Study

The document discusses the thermal properties of matter and how objects expand with increasing temperature. It defines linear, area, and volume expansion in materials and describes how the coefficients of expansion are used to calculate changes in length, area, and volume with changes in temperature. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations of changes in dimensions for various materials when heated, including problems involving liquid expansion in containers. Key terms defined include coefficients of linear, area, volume, and liquid expansion.

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Salam Faith
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141 views37 pages

Thermal Properties of Matter: Centre For Sceince Study

The document discusses the thermal properties of matter and how objects expand with increasing temperature. It defines linear, area, and volume expansion in materials and describes how the coefficients of expansion are used to calculate changes in length, area, and volume with changes in temperature. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations of changes in dimensions for various materials when heated, including problems involving liquid expansion in containers. Key terms defined include coefficients of linear, area, volume, and liquid expansion.

Uploaded by

Salam Faith
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CENTRE FOR SCEINCE STUDY

THERMAL
PROPERTIES
OF MATTER
OUTCOME

At the end of this course, students should


differentiates and describes the law of
thermal expansion of matter based on
physics principle.
CONTENTS
 Linear Expansion
 Area Expansion
 Volume Expansion
 Liquid; Apparent and Absolute Expansion
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• The cooper (barrel maker)
heated iron hoops red hot
to make them expand
before fitting them around
the wooden staves of a
barrel. The iron hoops
contracted as they cooled,
pulling the staves tightly
together to make a leak-
tight barrel.
INTRODUCTION

Most objects
expand as their
temperature
increases
INTRODUCTION
LINEAR EXPANSION

When a solid is subjected to a rise in


temperature T, its increase in length L is
very nearly proportional to its initial length Lo
multiplied by T.
LINEAR EXPANSION

Lo

Lo L
LINEAR EXPANSION

The initial length of rod at o oC = Lo and


at 1 oC = L1
The increase in length is L = L1 - Lo

L  Lo  Lo(1 - o)


LINEAR EXPANSION

L  Lo  Lo(1 - o)


L = Lo(1 - o)
or L = Lo
LINEAR EXPANSION

and
L1 - Lo = Lo(1 - o)
L1 = Lo + Lo(1 - o)
or L1 = Lo(1+  )
LINEAR EXPANSION

L
 1
, unit is K or C o 1

Lo 
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion , 
defined as the change in length per unit
length, Lo resulting from a one degree rise in
temperature, .
LINEAR EXPANSION

e.g.: Expansion joints


permit the roadband of a
bridge to expand and
contract as the
temperature change.
LINEAR EXPANSION
LINEAR EXPANSION
EXAMPLE 1
Two 35.0 cm metal rods, one made of copper
and one made of aluminum, are placed end to
end, touching each other. One end is fixed, so
that it cannot move. The rods are heated from
0.0 C to 150.0 C. How far does the other end
of the system of rods move?
(copper = 16 x 10-6 K-1, aluminum = 22.5 x 10-6 K-1)
(Ans: 2.0 mm)
AREA EXPANSION
• Consider a two dimensional object with length
and width. Each dimensions of the object
expands when the object’s temperature
increases.

o 1
AREA EXPANSION
If the linear expansion is put in the form:
L1 = Lo(1 + ) and A = L12
Then A = Ao[1 + 2() + 2()2]
In most cases the quadratic term above can
be neglected since the typical expansion
coefficient is on the order of parts per million
per degree C. The expression then becomes:
AREA EXPANSION
A = Ao[1 + 2()]
or A = Ao[1 + ()]
Where  = 2

Thermal coefficient of area expansion,  is


defined as the change in an area, A per unit
area, Ao resulting from a one degree rise in
temperature, .
AREA EXPANSION
EXAMPLE 2

The coefficient of linear expansion of brass is


1.9 x 10-5 C. At 20.0 C, a hole in a sheet of
brass has an area of 1.00 mm2. How much
larger is the area of the hole at 30.0 C?
(Ans: 3.8 x 10-4 mm2)
SOLUTION 2
Strategy The hole expands just as if it were a
solid brass disk.

Solution Find the increase in area of the hole.

A  2 A0T  2(1.9 105 °C1)(1.00 mm 2 )(30.0°C  20.0°C) 

(30.0°C  20.0°C)  3.8 10 4 mm 2


VOLUME EXPANSION
Consider a three dimensional object with
length, width and height. Each dimensions of
the object expands when the object’s
temperature increases.

o 1
VOLUME EXPANSION
If the linear expansion is put in the form:
L1 = Lo(1 + ) and V = L13
Then V = Vo[1 + 3() + 32()2 + 3()3]
In most cases the quadratic term above can
be neglected since the typical expansion
coefficient is on the order of parts per million
per degree C. The expression then becomes:
VOLUME EXPANSION
V = Vo[1 + 3()]
or V = Vo[1 + ()]
Where  = 3

Thermal coefficient of volume expansion, 


is defined as the change in a volume, V per
unit volume, Vo resulting from a one degree
rise in temperature, .
EXAMPLE 3
An anchor, made of cast aluminum with
thermal coefficient of linear expansion of
2.2 x 10-5 C at 15 C and of volume
0.230 m3, is heated to 170 C. Find the
change in the volume of the anchor.
(Ans: 0.00235 m3)
SOLUTION 3

V P V P 3
(0.230 m )(1.
 , so V   
V B B 60.0 1

V P (0.230 m )(1.75 10 Pa)


3 6
   6.71 cm 3
.
B 60.0  109 Pa
LIQUID EXPANSION

When a glass of
beaker containing a
volume of fluid, Vo is
being heated, the
beaker and the fluid
will expand
respectively.
LIQUID EXPANSION

Glass beaker
B
A
C

Fluid

Heated
LIQUID EXPANSION

• Firstly when heated, the beaker will


expand; resulting the volume change of
glass, Vg. The level of fluid will decrease
from A to C.
LIQUID EXPANSION
• Vg can be calculated from;
Coefficien t of glass expansion
Vg  Vo g 

• where Vg = Vg - Vo, Vg is the volume of


glass at 1 and V0 is the volume of glass at
0.  = 1 - 0, and g is the thermal
coefficient of glass expansion.
LIQUID EXPANSION
After the beaker is stop expanding, the fluid starts to
expand from C to B. Hence the change in volume of
fluid, V:
Coefficien t of absolute liquid expansion
V  Vo
where V = V1-Vo, V1 is the absolute volume of fluid
at 1 and Vo is the volume of fluid at o.  is the
coefficient of absolute liquid expansion.
LIQUID EXPANSION
As a result the change in apparent volume of
fluid, Va from A to B:
Coefficien t of apparent liquid expansion
Va  Vo a 
where Va = V1 - Vo, V1 is the apparent
volume of fluid at 1 and Vo is the volume of
fluid at o. a is the coefficient of apparent
liquid expansion.
LIQUID EXPANSION
We can conclude that:

 = a + g and  = 3

V = Va + Vg
EXAMPLE 4
A cylindrical brass container with a base of 75.0 cm2
and height of 20.0 cm is filled to the brim with water
when the system is at 25.0 C. How much water
overflows when the temperature of the water and
the container is raised to 95.0 C?
(water = 207 x 10-6 K-1, Brass = 57 x 10-6 K-1)
(Ans: 15.8 cm3)
REFERENCES
• Giambattista A., Richardson B. M.,
Richardson R. C., College Physics, 2nd Ed.,
Boston:McGraw Hill, 2007.
• www.wikipedia.org
• http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html

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