UNIT 1

PREMENDRA KUMAR SAHU

ASST. PROFESSOR
 Defining Information
What is Information?
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Information is any knowledge that comes to

our attention. That could be voice, image, text
and video.
What is data?
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Data is information when dealing with the

machine
 l Information Technology
The term information technology (IT)includes
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not only the use of computers but also

communications networks and computer
literacy—knowledge of how to usecomputer
technology. As in other fields, the basic tasks
of gathering, allocating, controlling, and
retrieving information are the same.
l What Counts as information
Methods for conveying information
l
 Defining Information Technology
l

Information Technologies are systems

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of hardware and/or software that

capture, process, exchange, store
and/or present information using
electrical, magnetic and/or
electromagnetic energy.
l IT Example: Cellular Telephony
l IT Example: Wireless Internet
 l IT in Society (people)
l Personal Communication
lConversations (phone, cell)
lMessaging (E-mail, SMS)

lVideo Coms

l Entertainment
lWeb surfing
lDownloading video and audio files

lInteractive gaming

l Day-to-Day living
lBuying airline ticket
lOrdering books

lElectronic banking/ stock market

 l IT in Society (business)
l Internal Communication
lComputer network
lCorporate website

lVideo teleconferencing

lMessaging (SMS, email)

l Electronic Commerce
lCall Centres
lElectronic transactions

lOnline sales

l Business operations
lFactory operation systems
lDatabases
 l Examples on IT Careers
lInformation Security Jobs
lAddress information security

lIT Analyst

lTranslate business requirement into technical specification

lNetwork Administration

lConfigure and operate computer network

lManagement Consulting

lProvide consulting for government and organizations

lDatabase Administration

lManaging corporate database

lComputer Forensics Expert

lExtracts computer evidence for detecting/preventing /prosecuting crimes

lIT Sales:

lpeople on frontline to sell products

lSoftware development:

ldevelop software solutions

The First Generation: 1945-1956 (The Vacuum Tube Years)

The first generation computers were huge, slow,

expensive, and often undependable.
The Second Generation: 1956-1963 (The Era of the Transistor)

The transistor computer did not last as long as

the vacuum tube computer lasted, but it was
no less important in the advancement of
computer technology.
 The Third Generation: 1965-1970 (Integrated Circuits-
Miniaturizing the Computer)

Transistors were a tremendous breakthrough in

advancing the computer. However, no one could predict
that thousands even now millions of transistors (circuits)
could be compacted in such a small space.
 The Fourth Generation: 1971-Today (The Microprocessor)

This generation can be characterized by both the jump to

monolithic integrated circuits (millions of transistors put onto
one integrated circuit chip) and the invention of the
microprocessor (a single chip that could do all the processing
of a full-scale computer).
The Fifth Generation: Present & Beyond (Artificial Intelligence)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines.

In computer science, an ideal "intelligent" machine is a flexible rational
agent that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its
chance of success at some goa.l
Database management system
Database is a collection of related data and
data is a collection of facts and figures that
can be processed to produce information.
Database management system stores data
in such a way that it becomes easier to
retrieve, manipulate, and produce information.
 Characteristics of DBMS

1) Real-world entity
2) Relation-based tables.
3) Isolation of data and application
4) Less redundancy
5) Consistency
6) Query Language
7) ACID Properties
8) Multiuser and Concurrent Access
9) Multiple views
10) Security
 Components of DBMS

1)Software
2)Hardware
3)Data
4)Procedures
5)Database Access Language
 Procedures

Procedures refer to the instructions and rules that help to design

the database and to use the DBMS. The users that operate and
manage the DBMS require documented procedures on hot use or
run the database management system. These may include.
Procedure to install the new DBMS.
To log on to the DBMS.
To use the DBMS or application program.
To make backup copies of database.
To change the structure of database.
To generate the reports of data retrieved from database.
 Database Access Language
The database access language is used to
access the data to and from the database.
The users use the database access language
to enter new data, change the existing data in
database and to retrieve required data from
databases.
 USERs
Application Programmers
The people who write application programs in programming
languages (such as Visual Basic, Java, or C++) to interact
with databases are called Application Programmer.
Database Administrators
A person who is responsible for managing the overall
database management system is called database
administrator or simply DBA.
End-Users
The end-users are the people who interact with database
management system to perform different operations on
database such as retrieving, updating, inserting, deleting data
etc.
Types of Database Management
1)Hierarchical databases.
2)Network databases.
3)Relational databases.
4)Object-oriented databases
Hierarchical Databases (DBMS) :
 Hierarchical Databases (DBMS) :

Advantage : Hierarchical database can be accessed

and updated rapidly because in this model structure is
like as a tree and the relationships between records
are defined in advance. This feature is a two-edged.
Disadvantage : This type of database structure is
that each child in the tree may have only one parent,
and relationships or linkages between children are not
permitted, even if they make sense from a logical
standpoint. Hierarchical databases are so in their
design. it can adding a new field or record requires
that the entire database be redefined.
Network Database
Relational Databases
 Properties of Relational Tables:

It's Values are Atomic

In Each Row is alone.
Column Values are of the Same thing.
Columns is undistinguished.
Sequence of Rows is Insignificant.
Each Column has a common Name.
Relational Databases
Object-Oriented Model
 Object-Oriented Model

Each object contains of two elements:

Piece of data (e.g., sound, video, text, or
graphics).
Instructions, or software programs called
methods, for what to do with the data.
Disadvantage of Object-oriented databases
Object-oriented database are more expensive
to develop.
In the Most organizations are unwilling to
abandon and convert from those databases.
 Two-Tier Architecture

The two-tier is based on Client Server

architecture. The two-tier architecture is like
client server application. The direct
communication takes place between client
and server. There is no intermediate between
client and server. Because of tight coupling a
2 tiered application will run faster.
Two-Tier Architecture
 Two-Tier Architecture
Advantages:
1) Easy to maintain and modification is bit easy
2) Communication is faster
3) Fast application development time
4) Available tools are robust and lend themselves
to fast prototyping to insure user needs a met
accurately and completely.
5) Conducive to environments with homogeneous
clients, homogeneous applications, and static
business rules.
 Two-Tier Architecture
Disadvantages:
1)In two tier architecture application
performance will be degrade upon increasing
the users.
2)Cost-ineffective.
3) Security wise this is complicated as users
need to have separate login information for
every SQL server.
 Three-Tier Architecture

Three-tier architecture typically comprise a presentation tier,

a business or data access tier, and a data tier.
There are three layers in 3 Tier
Architecture as given below:-

1.Presentation Layer (UI Layer)

2.Business Access Layer (BAL)
3.Data Access Layer (DAL)
3 Tier Architecture
Why does we use 3 Tier
Architecture:-

1)To increase the security in Application.

2)To easily maintain the application.
3)To easily modify or change in application.
4)To Reduce the server over load.
5)To reduce the loading time of application.
 Three-Tier Architecture
Advantages
1)Each layer always use your separate codes,so it is easy to
modify the codes.
2)It is helpful to easily maintain and understand the large
projects.
3)You can easily change your graphical Environment.
4)It is more secure because any users can't access the
database directly.
5)You can easily change any layer codes without affecting
other two layers.
6)It is a more consistence application.
 Three-Tier Architecture
lDisadvantages:
la. It is more complex structure

lb. More difficult to set up and maintain it as

well
lc. The physical separation of the tiers may

affect the performance between the three

ld. It is more difficult to built a 3-tier application
 Systems Analysis

Systems analysis is a process of collecting factual

data, understand the processes involved,
identifying problems and recommending feasible
suggestions for improving the system functioning.
 Analysis phase Actiities:-
lGather Information
lDefine the new system's requirements

lBuild prototypes for the new system

lPrioritize requirements

lEvaluate alternatives

lMeet with management to discuss new options

 System Design

It is the most crucial phase in the developments

of a system. The logical system design arrived at
as a result of systems analysis is converted into
physical system design.
 Stages of System Design
lPreliminary or General Design
lStructured or Detailed Design
 The system design involves:
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1. Defining precisely the required system output

2. Determining the data requirement for producing the output
3. Determining the medium and format of files and databases
4. Devising processing methods and use of software to produce output
5. Determine the methods of data capture and data input
6. Designing Input forms
7. Designing Codification Schemes
8.Detailed manual procedures
9. Documenting the Design