P ractical Research 2
Thesis Writing
(Quantitative)
Prof. Dionimar B. Banaria
Thesis Adviser
Pasig Catholic College
Malinao, Pasig City, Philippines
References:
Practical Reseach 2, Diwa Publishing 2016
Methods of Research and Thesis Writing by Calderon and Gonzales,
2015 reprinted
Objectives:
a. To know what thesis is
b. To understand and appreciate
the essence of each part
c. To show chronological
development
d. To write a well-written thesis
Overview of the parts
of thesis...
CHAPTER 1 – THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 4 - PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
CHAPTER 5 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
Attachments 1:
Title Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Attachments 2:
References
Appendices
Curriculum Vitae
Research
- Comes from a middle French word “ recherché”
means, “the act of searching closely.”
- A combination of the prefix “re” which means
“again,” and the word “search” which means “to
look for.”
- A process of looking for information once again.
- To answer a question(s) and to shed light on
confusing facts
Research
Research is a key to progress.
(Calderon and Gonzales, 1993)
Research is the process of gathering data to solve a particular
problem in a scientific manner.
(Manuel and Medel, 1976)
Research is finding intervention for the unseen or unthought existing
problems. (Banaria, 2017)
Research is creating something from nothing.
(Espenilla, 2017)
Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what
nobody else has thought. (Gyori)
Importance of Research
Knowledge is established.
Perceptions are corrected.
Phenomena are validated.
Present solutions are tested for
effectivity.
Problems are solved.
Scientific Method in Research
1. Empirical approach
2. Observation
3. Question
4. Hypotheses
5. Experiments
6. Analyses
7. Conclusion
8. Replication
1. Empirical approach
Knowledge is gained through direct
observation and experimentation. Only those
data derived from scientific procedures are
considered factual. Thereby, you ignore your
preconceived notion about the construct
understudy. You also disregard your feelings
and opinions about it.
2. Observation
Your awareness of environment constitutes
your ideas. But if you rely on your awareness
alone, it results in information bias
decreasing the validity of your findings.
3. Question
Knowledge comes from inquiries that
answerable. Questions must be answered
through scientific investigation and must
generate tangible proof.
4. Hypotheses
An educated guess, or hypothesis, is an
attempt to explain a phenomena. Once
formulated, it should help you formulate a
prediction. For example, “There is a
significant increase of voters when
registration is duly advertised.”
5. Experiments
The given hypothesis should assure
testability in a crafted condition for the
accuracy and reliability of results. The
process of experimentation itself is proof of
scientific procedures. And so, the findings are
considered truthful.
6. Analyses
For the findings to be reliable, the data
gathered are subjected for analysis through
statistical tool. Statistical treatment is necessary
to a particular study because it presents
numerical evidence to the degree in which the
results are considered valid and reliable.
Note: Analyses minimize the chance of having
faulty conclusion about the object of
investigation
7. Conclusion
The process of making interference involves
concrete data to rule out opinions.
Note: A conclusion must be objective and
supported by a meticulous analyses of data.
8. Replication
This means doing the same study once again
to a different set of participants/repondents
to test the soundness of the obtained result.
IMPORTANCE OF REPLICATION
- Establishment of reliability of findings
- Discovery of knew knowledge
- Ascertainment of generalizability of results
Major Approaches Used in
Conducting Research
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixed method approach
Major Approaches Used in Research
Qualitative Research
- explores the meaning of the people’s experiences, cultures, issue, case,
etc.
- answers “Why” and “How”
- Making a theory
Quantitative Research
- examines the relationship of the variables and/or respondents.
- answers “what is?,” “how much?,” “what is the relationship between?,”
“what is the difference?.”
- relies on the statistical interpretation of data.
- proving a theory
Mixed method Approach
- involves qualitative and quantitative approach to avoid the disadvantages
of using one particular approach.
Types of Quantitative Research
Descriptive Research
Correlational Research
Causal-comparative research
Experimental research
Quasi-experimental designs
Descriptive research
involves the collection of data to either test a hypothesis or
describe the variables mentioned in the study. Data, which are
typically numeric, are collected through surveys, interviews or
observations.
Descriptive research describes and interprets what is. The
process of descriptive research goes beyond tabulation of data.
It involves the elements or interpretation of the meaning or
significance of what is described. Descriptive research is a
purposive process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and
tabulating data about the prevailing conditions, practices,
beliefs, process, trends, and cause effect relationships and then
making adequate and accurate interpretation about such data
with or without the aid of statistical methods. (Sanchez, 1980)
Correlation research
attempts to determine the level of
relation between two or more
quantifiable variables. The
correlation between two
quantifiable variables doest not
mean that one variable causes the
other, but it can be used to
predict their values.
Causal-comparative research
Attempts to establish cause-effect relationships
among the variables of the study. In this research,
the independent variable usually involves a
demographic (e.g., gender, race, social status) in
which the researcher has no control of. He or she will
test how the independent variable will cause a
significant effect on the dependent variable, which is
the outcome of the study.
Example: Low percentage of jobless people (IV)
Reduces the poverty rate of the country
(DV)
Experimental Research
is similar to casual-comparative research, in
that, it also measures the effect of the
independent variable (cause) to the
dependent variable (effect); however, the
researcher can control the independent
variables in the study, wherein the
participants are randomly assigned.
Quasi-experimental designs
- are an alternative to determine the causes
and effects between two variables that cannot
be subjected to experimental control. Most of
the time, this design is used on a naturally
given phenomenon and its effect on the
people who are experiencing the occurrence.
Types of Research
Variables
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Confounding or extraneous variables
Answer: Any characteristic which is subject to change
and can have more than one value such as age,
intelligence, motivation, gender, etc.
Types of Research Variables
Independent variables – are manipulated that causes
change in another variable (dependent variable.) these are
treatments or condition that produce a varied response or
effect.
Dependent variables – are those affected by
independent variables.
Confounding or extraneous variables – are those
variables usually indicated in an experimental research.
They are not included in the study but in one way or
another causes effect (usually minimal) on the dependent
variable. E.g. Age, gender, race, etc.
Example Research Titles:
EFFECTS OF (independent variable) ON THE
(dependent variable): BASIS FOR A SEMINAR-
WORK IN __________
PEACE-LOVING LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
REDUCES TEST ANXIETY LEVEL OF
GRADE SCHOOL STUDENTS OF
PASIG CATHOLIC COLLEGE
The four levels of measurement:
Why Is Level of Measurement
Important?
Helps you decide what statistical analysis is
appropriate on the values that were assigned
Helps you decide how to interpret the data
from that variable
Nominal scales
- nominal variables are used to “name,” or label a
series of values.
- Not for quantifying data.
- a sub-type of nominal scale with only two
categories (e.g. male/female) is called “dichotomous.”
Examples:
Ordinal scales
- provide good information about the order of choices, such as
in a respondents satisfaction survey.
- Used for ranking.
How do you feel today? How satisfied are you with our service?
1 – Very Unhappy 1 – Very Unhappy
2 – Unhappy 2 – Unhappy
3 – Ok 3 – Ok
4 – Happy 4 – Happy
5 – Very Happy 5 – Very Happy
Interval scales
- give us the order of values + the ability to
quantify the difference between each one.
Ratio scales
- give us the ultimate–order, interval values, plus
the ability to calculate ratios since a “true zero” can be
defined.
- The highest level of measurement
