CONSTRUCTION

METHODS AND PROJECT

MANAGEMENT
Group 1 - CE51FA2
Bin Mathana, Elli Hann Wira Deroca, April Joy
Bardaje, Michael Angelo Ignacio, Charlene Abigail
Barquin, Ulysses Juayong, Jonamene
Calwit, Trutzchler Laguitao, Arnold
Cereneo, Mark Joseph Soltes, Ailla Marie
Project Management
Concepts
Management to be effective must be
systematic
Management to be successful must be
scientific
Mangament must be humanistic
What is Management?
Management is a PROCESS
1. Facilitating
2. Directing
3. Combining Efforts
4. Combining of Resources

Management is a FUNCTION
1. Function of getting things done
2. Application of authority
3. Assumption of responsibility
4. Art of handling people
 Management to be effective must be
systematic.
Things can be done better by means
of plan of action. The plan is a step by step
outline of what is to be done and who does
what. Good decisions and actions are
based on the systematic application of
sound principles of complete and reliable
facts, and of good practices. When
management is systematic, there can be
no room for personalities, prejudiced and
unfair judgment.
 Management to be successful must be
scientific.
Scientific management has done
more to advance and win the status of
mankind today than has any other single
factor. By the application of the scientific
method to the study and analysis of the
operations of a particular job, men have
discovered the best known methods of
performing the operation.
 Management must be humanistic.
Where machine may have standard of
efficiency and be set to run at a given
speed, human beings whether manager or
workers, cannot be so easily regulated to a
pre-determined point of accomplishment.
Human being preferably should be led by
goals they accept as justifiable, worthy and
fair to all concerned.
Scientific Management
The roots of management science extend to the
work of Frederick W. Taylor, who propounded the
machine model or scientific or task management theory
with the following peculiarities:
1. Division of labor and specialization
2. Unity of command and centralization of decision
making
3. One way authority
4. Narrow span of control
 The origin of management science has started
from the works of Frederick W. Taylor, an engineer
who has accredited the title of father of scientific
management. Associated with Taylor in those years
were, Carl G. Barth, Henry L. Gantt, Stanford E.
Thomson and many others.

Descriptive work of Functional Staff responsible

for activities such as:
1. Incentive standard
2. Methods analysis
3. Quality Control
4. Production Control
5. Material Handling
The obvious strength of management science is its
objective, quantitive treatment of management problems.
The treatment is characterized by:
1. a statement of the problem in a mathematical form.
2. Reliance on measureable quantities such as costs and
income
3. Use of computers
4. Dedication to rational decision making.

Business capital have long accepted the benefits of engineering

expertise in connection with construction and production
operations. They have started to call engineering to supply the
same scientific approach to problems in:
1. Organization
2. Financing
3. Office and Field Operations
4. Inventory and Control and in fact almost all phases of the
business.
To be effective executive, Engineers has five
habits in mind
1. they know where their time goes.
2. they focus on outward contribution
3. they build on strengths
4. they concentrate on a few major areas where
superior performance will produce outstanding
results.
5. engineers finally make effective decisions
Humanistic Management
Based on Konosuke Matsushita, management is anchored on
the following principles:

1. We have good staff.

2. Our policies were clear.
3. We upheld an ideal to be striven for.
4. Our chosen field of business was appropriate at the time.
5. We did not follow factions to form within our company.
6. We regarded the company as a public institution.
7. We followed a policy of open management.
8. We worked towards a system of management by all
employees.
Humanistic Management
Matsushitas 3 management philosophies:

1. A goal
2. An ideal
3. A vision
Humanistic Management
5 Key Points to Success in Enterprise Management
1. To have a clear management philosophy, clear goals,
and definite ideas.
2. To manage the company with the full realization that
every enterprise is a public enterprise.
3. To practice open management.
4. To collect the wisdom of the many.
5. To try your best to acquire an unflappable and
supremely adaptable mind to enable you to see things
as they actually are without clinging to preconceived
notions.
Project Organizational
Structure
Work Breakdown Structure
The process of establishing the most
effective organizational structure for a project
begins with a complete analysis of the scope of
work and a subsequent organization of that
work into the Work Breakdown Structure
(WBS). WBS is deliverable grouping of work
elements that subdivides the work of the project
into manageable parts.
These parts or activities have some common
characteristics.
They can readily understood by project
participants
They are unique units of work
They are the responsibility of an individual
Time durations, costs and resources can be
assigned
Progress against them for time and cost can
be measured
Flexibility is built in so that changes are
easily incorporated
 The WBS defines the projects contractual
elements as well as the tasks and subtasks and
their interdependencies. Labor, material,
equipment, and other resource allocations are
identified along with a clear understanding of
the schedule and cost estimates.
Workflow
It specialized tasks that are common to all
projects are most efficiently handled if they are
centralized by positioning these people
together and pooling resources. This
streamlines these tasks, allowing standardized
procedures to be developed that ultimately
allow this work to be done quite efficiently.
Other tasks need to be done in and
interdisciplinary fashion, face-to-face or on the
telephone.
CPM Schedule
Bubble Diagram
Allocation of Authority and Responsibility

The next step involves the allocation of

authority and responsibility. In this step, the line
of authority established from the president to
the lowest supervisor. This is defined as the
chain of command and is the formal route by
which orders and directive are issued.
As people are assigned to positions with
varying levels of responsibility, consider the
following:
1. Does the worker have the managerial and
technical skill set to add supervisory value?
2. How many people, if any, will this person be
supervising?
3. Does the organization benefit by creating
this hierarchical level?
Organization Chart

The result of the allocation of authority

and responsibility is the establishment of an
organizational chart that will fall into one of the
basic forms: generalist, departmental or matrix.
Span of Control

A concern of every organization is the

number of people that any one manager has
control over. Narrowing ones span of control
creates additional organization hierarchy. A
narrower span of control provides more
supervision and control, but also tends to
create more departmentalization.
Matrix
When interdisciplinary terms are needed,
for instances, for a major project, the
departmental structure is not sufficient.
Communication among the involved
departments must be sound and relatively swift.
Links (sometimes called planks or gangplanks)
must be made between the working levels of
the involved departments.
Forms of Organization
Sole Proprietorship
Proprietorship is the single-person
ownerships. This person owns, operates, and
makes all major decisions for the company.
There may be many employees, but the only
responsible person is the one proprietor. This is
by far the simplest form of the ownership. It can
be started with no formal documents and ended
with no formal documents. It is whatever the
person wants it to be.
Partnership
A partnership, by definition, must include
at least two people to be legal, but there may
be many more than two in the partnership. The
percentage of ownership varies. It sometimes
depends on how much money each partner
contributes to the firm but may also depend on
other assets or skills- - for example, land,
equipment, or expertise. Assets are still
considered personal but are the sum of the
partners, therefore, the line of credit is greater.
Corporation
Corporations are the most complex of the
three forms of organizations. To form a
corporation, a company has to apply for a
charter from the state in which it does business.
The services of a lawyer are required to
prepare documentation; fees are paid to the
state to cover its work in drawing up the
charter. Once the corporation is formed, formal
meetings must be held for any major decision.
Project Participants
Owners
Owners can be individuals seeking a home for
their growing family, a large organization responding to
a change in technology, a municipality seeking to
improve its infrastructure, or a developer working to
make money by filling a perceived market need. The
motivation to build is as varied as the profile of the
individuals and companies.
Whatever the motivation, however, the owner is
where the project is born. After identifying the need,
the owners most important function is to financially
back the project; otherwise, there can be no project.
The source of that financing partly defines the type of
owner who enters into a construction process.
Public Owners
One-quarter of the construction in the
United States is done with public money. The
money can be from local, state, or federal
sources, but in all cases the owner is the tax
payer. Some of these projects are done through
public agencies that commission the
construction for example, the Army Corps of
Engineers, the Department of Transportation,
and the General Service Administration.
 They build military complexes, large
public works projects, and courthouses.
Because these agencies represent the public,
they must follow specific methods of managing
the projects Public approval processes have to
be figured into any schedule or budget. How
the designer and contractor are selected is
carefully spelled out. Negotiation of claims is
well defined, as well as how payments are
issued.
Private Owners
Most construction is financed through
private ownership. This category includes both
the homeowner who builds only one house in a
lifetime and the multinational company that
owns numerous facilities. Large companies
often have a department of construction
industry professionals who represent them
during the design and building process.
 A developer is a special type of private
owner who often owns the project only for the
duration of construction. The developer looks
for economic opportunities and puts together a
package that includes marketing, financing,
location, and image. The goal is to make
money, either through a quick sale or through
long-term rentals.
 Architects and engineers are the principal
designers of construction projects. On most
building and residential sector projects, the
architect is the lead designer, laying out the
concept on paper with the owner. Each
professional contributes to projects in different
ways. When architects are given a design
challenge, they respond by first identifying the
important elements of the design. For some
architects the physical context is guiding
feature, others are guided by the activities that
will occur in the building, and still others focus
on creating a unique image.
Architects
Architects are the stars of the building
industry, and many famous ones easily come to
mind: Frank Lloyd Wright, Aalvar Alto, I.M Pei. The
profession has a certain mystique about it
romantic, artistic, and not entirely understood by
people outside the field. Architects are the
industrys image makers.
Drafters/CAD operators.
Specification writers
Interior Designer
Landscape architects
Engineers
With 25 to 65 percent of construction
costs going to engineered systems, engineers
play an important role on projects. Sometimes
they work within large A/E firms, but most often
they are independent consultants. Engineers
responsibility on projects is varied, depending
on their discipline; but in all cases they must
understand an owners requirement: budget,
operations, durability, and intended use of
space.
Although engineers have many career options,
here are the most common ones:
Structural engineers
Mechanical Engineers
Electrical Engineers
Civil Engineers
Surveyors
Project Professionals /
Construction Professionals
Constructors
Constructor is the general term used to
define the professional responsible for all
construction activities, whether he or she works
as a general contractor or a construction
manager. Of the three major participants on the
project team, the constructor has changed most
in terms of type and training of personnel. In
the past company executives rose through the
industrys ranks, often starting as carpenters or
laborers.
Like the other professions, construction offers
many options.

People in this positions support the work of the

construction manager but may also be hired
directly by owners or architects for independent
consulting. Here are some examples:
Estimators
Schedulers
Purchasing agents
Specialty Contactors
Generally known as subcontractors, these
specialty firms include mechanical, electrical,
excavation, and demolition contractors. They
are usually hired by and work directly for a
general contractor. Specialty supply most of the
material and labor on the job.
The Trades
From the time the first pencil is laid to
paper in the design process to the completion
of shop drawings and coordination drawings,
the goal is to instruct the people who actually
perform the work in the field: the tradespeople.
The trades form the core of the construction
industry a constant throughout its history.
Material Suppliers
A project may have talented designers,
innovative constructors, and wealthy,
sophisticated owners but without materials to
build with the project would be only a dream.
Materials and building components are
manufactured, fabricated, and installed by
suppliers.
Equipment Suppliers
Depending on the project, equipment can
play a very big hole in construction. Highway jobs,
large excavations, bridges, tunnels and tall
buildings all rely heavily on the use of equipment
to carry out the work.

Equipment types break down into six loose

categories:
Earthmoving excavators, loaders and trenching
machines
Lifting cranes, aerial lifts and boom trucks
 Light equipment breakers, saws, generators,
pumps, compressors
Bituminous machinery cold planers, asphalt
pavers, rollers and soil stabilizers
Concrete and aggregate crushers, screens,
feeders, conveyers, rock drills, mixers, pavers
Components and attachments buckets,
blades, demolition tools, hydraulic and electric
components
Project Workers
 The opportunities in construction are almost
unlimited. The US Department of Labor lists the following
job categories for construction trades:
Boilermakers
Brickmason, blockmason and stonemasons
Carpenters
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishes
Cement masons, concrete finishers, segmental pavers
and terrazzo workers
Construction and building inspectors
Construction equipment operators
Construction laborers
 Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers and tapers
Electricians
Elevator installers and repairers
Glaziers
Hazardous materials removal workers
Insulation workers
Painters and paperhangers
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters
Plasterers and stucco masons
Roofers
Sheetmetal workers
Structural and reinforcing iron and metal workers
The following are descriptions of some of these
trades:
Construction equipment operators use machinery
to move construction materials, earth and other
heavy materials at construction sites. From
backhoes to bulldozers to tower cranes, the skills
needed to run this equipment are learned over many
years of experience.
Ironworkers put together the steel skeleton of a
building or a bridge over a foundation. They also
install metal decking and steel reinforcing bars in
concrete slabs and assemble grills, canapies,
stairways and ladders. The job involve climbing as
well as welding.
Cement masons pours concrete; lay concrete slabs,
reinforcing walls, steps and paving; and apply
leveling and finishing techniques. They must have a
good understanding of the properties of concrete
and how temperature and humidity can affect the
final product.

Sheetmetal workers fabricate and install ducts for

heating, ventilating and air conditioning. They must
be able to follow instructions from shop drawings.
Much of their fabrication work is done at the shop
rather that the site.
Plasterers fireproof steel beams and finish ceilings
and walls using plastering material on the interior
and stucco material on the exterior

Plumbers and pipefitters install all types of piping

system including water, gas, steam, processed
chilled water and sprinkler lines. This trade depends
on a licensing process. The work involves welding,
work on high-pressure systems and the use of a
variety of tools.

Electricians assemble and wire the systems needed

to provide electricity for heating, lighting, power and
air conditioning. They also install the conduit for
running wires and hookup equipment.
Bricklayer build walls, chimneys and pavement
using unit masonry such as bricks or concrete
blocks. The process is basic but requires careful,
accurate work to function and look right.

Glaziers install all types of glass whether on

storefronts, in windows or as display cases. The
work involves sizing, cutting, fitting and sealing the
glass.

Roofers weatherproof roofs using a variety of

materials including tar and gravel, rubber, PVC,
asphalt shingles, clay tile and slate. Most of this work
is performed high off the ground.
Carpenters make up the form work for concrete
pours, install metal and wood studs for walls, apply
gypsum sheathing for walls and ceilings, installs
hung ceilings, hang doors, apply trim, install
hardware, make up wood cabinetry and shelving and
install landscape office furniture.
Organization of Companies
The roles of design and construction firms are
certainly different; but because both participants are
project-based, they have some similarities in the ways
in which they are organized. Both types of companies
are internally organized to support technical support,
and human resource personnel.
Here are some common staff positions in design
companies:
Project Manager it is the owners primary contact,
responsible for scheduling in-house work and
identifying necessary staffing levels for both in-house
personnel and outside consultants.
 Clerk of the works This usually an architect or
engineer employed by the designer to enforce the
terms of the contract and to interpret the plans and
specs.
Job captain This person organizes the drawings
required to complete the job, manages the personnel
resources, communicates with the engineers and
other consultants, and details the schematic design.
In construction companies, project-related positions
might be located in the field. Here are common
positions:
Construction project manager similar to the
design firms project manager, this is the first person
assigned to a project.
 Superintendent They interact with the specialty
subcontractors, coordinating the flow of workers,
supplies and equipment to ensure that the schedule
is met.
Field engineer it is usually young construction
engineer who has graduated from a four-year college
program and takes this entry-level position on the
track to becoming a project manager
END
Thank you for listening!