STORY OF

TRIGONOMETRY
BY:-
Name: Rakshit Gupta
Class:- Xth – B
ROLL NO.:- 13
 INDEX

What Is Trigonometry??
EXAMPLES
CLASSIC trigonometry
Basic Trigonometry Formulas
Pythagorean Identities
History of trigonometry
Greek trigonometry
Applications of trigonometry
Calculating trigonometric functions
What Is Trigonometry???

The branch of mathematics concerned with specific

functions of angles and their application to
calculations. There are six functions of an angle
commonly used in trigonometry. Their names and
abbreviations are sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent
(tan), cotangent (cot), secant (sec), and cosecant
(cosec).
 EXAMPLES
For example, the triangle contains an angle A, and the
ratio of the side opposite to A and the side opposite to
the right angle (the hypotenuse) is called the sine of A,
or sin A; the other trigonometry functions are defined
similarly.
CLASSIC trigonometry
The word trigonometry comes from the Greek words trigonon
(“triangle”) and metron (“to measure”). Until about the 16th century,
trigonometry was chiefly concerned with computing the numerical
values of the missing parts of a triangle (or any shape that can be
dissected into triangles) when the values of other parts were given. For
example, if the lengths of two sides of a triangle and the measure of the
enclosed angle are known, the third side and the two remaining angles
can be calculated. Such calculations distinguish trigonometry from
geometry, which mainly investigates qualitative relations. Of course,
this distinction is not always absolute: the Pythagorean theorem, for
example, is a statement about the lengths of the three sides in a right
triangle and is thus quantitative in nature. Still, in its original form,
trigonometry was by and large an offspring of geometry; it was not until
the 16th century that the two became separate branches of mathematics.
Basic Trigonometry Formulas
i. Sinθ= Opposite
Side/Hypotenuse
ii. Cosθ= Adjacent
Side/Hypotenuse
iii. Tanθ= Sinθ/Cosθ  = Opposite
Side/Adjacent Side
iv. Cosecθ = 1/Sinθ=
Hypotenuse/Opposite Side
v. Secθ = 1/Cosθ =
Hypotenuse/Adjacent Side
vi. Cotθ = 1/tanθ = Cosθ/Sinθ =
Adjacent Side/Opposite Side
 Pythagorean Identities
 sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
i. Cos2 θ =1- sin2 θ
ii.  sin2 θ =1-Cos2 θ

 tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ,
i. tan2 θ = sec2 θ-1
ii. sec2 θ- tan2 θ =1

   1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ

i. Cot2 θ = cosec2 θ -1
ii. Cosec2 θ - Cot2 θ =1
For certain special right triangles the values of the
functions may be calculated easily; e.g., in a right triangle
whose acute angles are 30° and 60° the sides are in the
ratio 1 :√3 : 2, so that sin 30°=cos 60°=1/2, cos 30°=sin
60°=√3/2, tan 30°=cot 60°=1/√3, cot 30°=tan 60°=√3, sec
30°=cosec 60°=2/√3, and cosec 30°=sec 60°=2. For other
angles, the values of the trigonometric functions are
usually found from a set of tables or a scientific calculator.
For the limiting values of 0° and 90°, the length of one side
of the triangle approaches zero while the other approaches
that of the hypotenuse, resulting in the values sin 0°=cos
90°=0, cos 0°=sin 90°=1, tan 0°=cot 90°=0, and sec 0°=cosec
90°=1; since division by zero is undefined, cot 0°, tan 90°,
cosec 0°, and sec 90° are all undefined, having infinitely
large values.
 History of trigonometry
The first  trigonometric table
was apparently compiled by
Hipparchus, who is now
consequently known as "the
father of trigonometry.”
Ancient Egyptian  and Babylonian
Mathematics lacked the concept
of an angle measure, but they
studied the ratios of the sides
of similar triangles and
discovered some properties of
these ratios. The ancient Greeks
transformed trigonometry into
an ordered science.
Greek trigonometry
Ancient  Greek mathematicians such as Euclid and Archimedes studied the properties of

the chord of an angle and proved theorems that are equivalent to modern trigonometric
formulae, although they presented them geometrically rather than algebraically.  Claudius
Ptolemy expanded upon  Hipparchus ' Chords in a Circle in his Almagest. The modern sine
function was first defined in the Surya Siddhanta, and its properties were further
documented by the 5th century Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhatta. These
Greek and Indian works were translated and expanded by medieval Islamic mathematicians.
By the 10th century, Islamic mathematicians were using all six trigonometric functions,
had tabulated their values, and were applying them to problems in spherical geometry . At
about the same time, Chinese mathematicians developed trigonometry independently,
although it was not a major field of study for them. Knowledge of trigonometric functions
and methods reached Europe via Latin translations of the works of Persian and Arabic
astronomers such as Al Battani and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. One of the earliest works on trigonometry by a European

mathematician is De Triangulis by the 15th century German mathematician Reiomontanus.
Trigonometry was still so little known in 16th century Europe that Nicolaus Copernicus
devoted two chapters of De revolution bus erbium celestial to explaining its basic
concepts.
Applications of trigonometry

There are an enormous number of uses of trigonometry and trigonometric functions.

For instance, the technique of triangulation is used in astronomy to measure the
distance to nearby stars, in geography to measure distances between landmarks, and
in satellite navigation systems. The sine and cosine functions are fundamental to
the theory of periodic functions such as those that describe sound
and light waves.
 Fieldsthat use trigonometry or trigonometric functions
include astronomy (especially for locating apparent positions of celestial
objects, in which spherical trigonometry is essential) and hence navigation (on
the oceans, in aircraft, and in space), music theory, acoustics, optics, analysis
of financial markets, electronics, probability theory,
statistics, biology, medical imaging , pharmacy, chemistry, number
theory, seismology, meteorology, oceanography, many physical sciences ,
land surveying and geodesy,  architecture, phonetics, economics, electrical
engineering, mechanical engineering, civil engineering, computer
graphics, cartography, crystallography and game development.
Calculating trigonometric
functions
 Trigonometric functions were among the earliest uses
for mathematical tables. Such tables were incorporated into
mathematics textbooks and students were taught to look up
values and how to interpolate between the values listed to get
higher accuracy. Slide rules had special scales for trigonometric
functions.
Today scientific calculators have buttons for calculating the main
trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan and sometimes cis) and their

inverses. Most allow a choice of angle measurement methods: degrees,

radians and, sometimes, grad. Most computer programming

languages provide function libraries that include the trigonometric

functions. The floating point unit hardware incorporated into the

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