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Edema in Child

Edema refers to swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces and can be generalized, affecting multiple body parts, or localized to a specific area. Generalized edema may be caused by conditions like nephrotic syndrome, liver failure, or heart failure, while localized edema can result from infection, allergies, or lymphatic obstruction. Proteinuria is excess protein in the urine and hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in urine, both of which can indicate underlying kidney problems.

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272 views16 pages

Edema in Child

Edema refers to swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces and can be generalized, affecting multiple body parts, or localized to a specific area. Generalized edema may be caused by conditions like nephrotic syndrome, liver failure, or heart failure, while localized edema can result from infection, allergies, or lymphatic obstruction. Proteinuria is excess protein in the urine and hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in urine, both of which can indicate underlying kidney problems.

Uploaded by

Kesava Dass
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Edema in Child

Edema : Increased fluid in the interstitial


tissue spaces
Generalized edema : a condition where there
is swelling, puffiness and water retention in
various parts of the body (abdomen, arms,
legs, feet)

Localized edema : confined to a particular part


of the body
Causes of Generalized and Localized
Edema
Generalized Localized

Nephrotic Allergic
Syndrome Infection
Liver failure Lymphatic
Congestive obstruction
heart failure (Filariasis)
A. Periorbital edema in Nephrotic syndrome (Puffiness in morning)
B. Ascites in Liver cirrhosis
C. Pitting pedal edema in Congestive heart failure
D. Unilateral edema of lymphedema
How to differentiate generalized
edema and localized edema?
Generalized edema
Pitting
Onset : gradually
Need longer time to subside

Localized edema
Non-pitting
Onset : sudden
Less time to subside
Proteinuria
Definition:

In children is defined as protein greater


than 40mg/m/hour
Causes of proteinuria

Orthostatic proteinuria
Glomerular abnormalities
(glomerulonephritis, min. change
disease)
Increased glomerular filtration
pressure
Hypertension
Tubular proteinuria
Types of proteinuria

Transient

Postural (orthostatic)

Glomerular

Tubular
Transient proteinuria
During febrile illness/after exercise and does
not require investigation
Proteinuria usually mild U Pr/Cr <1, resolves
within few days
Not indicate renal disease
Postural (orthostatic) proteinuria
Normal excretion while recumbent
Common in adolescent, tall, thin individual
Diagnosed by measuring the urine protein/
creatinine ratio in a series of early morning
urine specimen
Tubular proteinuria
Low-molecular-weight protein in the urine
and is suspected with acute tubular necrosis,
pyelonephritis, structural renal disorder,
polycystic kidney disease and tubular toxins
(antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents)
Increased filtration, impaired reabsorption or
secretion of proteins
Glomerular proteinuria
Combination of large/small-molecular-weight protein
in the urine, and often evidence of glomerular disease

Causes of glomerular proteinuria include:

glomerular capillary disruption (crescentic


glomerulonephritis)
glomerular capillary immune complex deposition (post
streptococcal glomerulonephritis)
altered glomerular capillary permeability (min. change
nephrotic syndrome)
Hematuria
Microscopic hematuria defined as more than
10 red blood cells in the urine
Gross hematuria is when blood in the urine is
visible to the naked eyes
Causes of hematuria
Non-glomerular Glomerular

Infection (bacterial, Acute


viral, TB) glomerulonephritis
Trauma to genitalia, (with proteinuria)
urinary tract, kidney Chronic
Stones glomerulonephritis
Sickle cell disease (with proteinuria)
Bleeding disorder IgA nephropathy
Hypercalciuria Familial nephritis
(Alport Syndrome)
Thin basement
membrane disease

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