Lecture 1

Introduction,
Networks types, Topology
 Networking

Computer network A collection of

computing devices that are connected in
various ways in order to communicate and
share resources
Usually, the connections between
computers in a network are made using
physical wires or cables
However, some connections are wireless,
using radio waves or infrared signals
 A computer network is a system for
communicating between two or more computers
and associated devices. It is an interconnection
of computers for the purposes of sharing
information and resources.
A popular example of a computer network is the
internet, which allows millions of users to share
information
 Networking

The generic term node or host refers to

any device on a network
Data transfer rate The speed with which
data is moved from one place on a
network to another
Data transfer rate is a key issue in
computer networks
 Networking

Computer networks have opened up an

entire frontier in the world of computing
called the client/server model

Figure 1 Client/Server interaction

 Networking

File server A computer that stores and

manages files for multiple users on a
network
Web server A computer dedicated to
responding to requests (from the browser
client) for web pages
 Networking

Bandwidth
Data rate measured in bits (not bytes) per
seconds
Kbps (Kilobits per seconds)
125 chars/sec

Mbps (Megabits per seconds)

1,250 chars/sec

Gbps (Gigabits per seconds)

12,500 chars/sec
 An example of a network

Router
Hub
Bridge Segment
Node

Hub

Internet
 Home Network (single machine)
SUMI

DSL/Cable
Modem USB/Ether
net Cable
 Home Network (multiple
machines)
Wall Jack

DSL/Cab Hub/Switch/Router
le USB/Ether
Modem net Cable
 Home Network (multiple
machines)
Wall Jack

Ethernet
DSL/Cab Cable
Hub/Switch/Router
le
Modem
 Home Wireless Network
Wall Jack

Ethernet
DSL/Cab Cable
Hub/Switch/Router
le
Modem
 Types of Networks

Computer networks can be classified according to their size:

Personal area network (PAN)
Local area network (LAN)
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Wide area network (WAN)

Local-area network (LAN) A network

that connects a relatively small number of
machines in a relatively close
geographical area
 Types of Networks

Various configurations, called topologies, have

been used to administer LANs
Ring topology A configuration that connects all
nodes in a closed loop on which messages travel in
one direction
Star topology A configuration that centers around
one node to which all others are connected and
through which all messages are sent
Bus topology All nodes are connected to a single
communication line that carries messages in both
directions
 Types of Networks

Figure Various network topologies

A bus technology called Ethernet has become the

industry standard for local-area networks
 Types of Networks

Metropolitan-area network (MAN) The

communication infrastructures that have
been developed in and around large cities
 Types of Networks

Wide-area network (WAN) A network that

connects two or more local-area networks over a
potentially large geographic distance
Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to serve
as a gateway to handle all communication going
between that LAN and other networks

Communication between networks is called

internetworking
The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the
ultimate wide-area network, spanning the entire globe
 So, who owns the Internet?

Well, nobody does. No single person or

company owns the Internet or even
controls it entirely. As a wide-area
network, it is made up of many smaller
networks. These smaller networks are
often owned and managed by a person or
organization. The Internet, then, is really
defined by how connections can be made
between these networks.
 Internet

Figure Local-area networks connected across a distance to create a wide-area

network
 Internet Connections

Requirement
A computer or PDA or cell phone
An account with an ISP (Internet Service
Provider)
A modem (modulator/demodulator) for dial-up
services or a NIC (Network Interface Card) for
DSL/Cable services
 Internet Connections

Internet backbone A set of high-speed

networks that carry Internet traffic
These networks are provided by
companies such as AT&T, GTE, and IBM
Internet service provider (ISP) A
company that provides other companies or
individuals with access to the Internet
 Internet Connections

There are various technologies available that you can

use to connect a home computer to the Internet
A phone modem converts computer data into an analog
audio signal for transfer over a telephone line, and then a
modem at the destination converts it back again into data
A digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone
lines to transfer digital data to and from the phone companys
central office
A cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV
signals come in on to transfer the data back and forth
 Internet Connections

Broadband A connection in which transfer

speeds are faster than 128 bits per second
DSL connections and cable modems are broadband
connections
The speed for downloads (getting data from the
Internet to your home computer) may not be the same
as uploads (sending data from your home computer
to the Internet)
 Broadband Services

xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

A technology that provides digital data transmission over
unused frequencies on traditional telephone lines
For example, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL): DL > UL
Speed
Downlink
128Kbps - 4Mbps
Uplink
64Kbps - 800Kbps
Need a DSL modem
Splitters are needed to separate the voice and data
signal
 Broadband Services

Cable
A technology that provides digital data transmission over
cable TV infrastructure
Speed
Downlink
128Kbps - 3~5Mbps
Uplink
64Kbps - 128Kbps~1Mbps
Need a cable modem
 Broadband Services

Satellite
A technology that provide digital data transmission over
satellites
Speed
Downlink
500Kbps - 1Mbps
Uplink
50Kbps - 100Kbps
Need a satellite dish
 Intranet vs. Internet

Intranet
A private network that is contained within an
enterprise
Could be LANs and WANs

Internet
A public network of networks

Both are using TCP/IP

 Packet Switching

To improve the efficiency of transferring information over

a shared communication line, messages are divided into
fixed-sized, numbered packets
Network devices called routers are used to direct
packets between networks
Figure
Messages
sent by
packet
switching
 Open Systems

Proprietary system A system that uses

technologies kept private by a particular
commercial vendor
One system couldnt communicate with another,
leading to the need for
Interoperability The ability of software and
hardware on multiple machines and from
multiple commercial vendors to communicate
Leading to
Open systems Systems based on a common
model of network architecture and a suite of
protocols used in its implementation
 Open Systems

The International Organization for Standardization

(ISO) established the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) Reference Model
Each layer deals with a particular aspect of network
communication
 Network Protocols

Network protocols are layered such that

each one relies on the protocols that
underlie it
Sometimes referred to as a protocol
stack
 TCP/IP

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol

TCP software breaks messages into packets,
hands them off to the IP software for delivery,
and then orders and reassembles the packets
at their destination
IP stands for Internet Protocol
IP software deals with the routing of packets
through the maze of interconnected networks
to their final destination
 TCP/IP (cont.)

UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol

It is an alternative to TCP
The main difference is that TCP is highly
reliable, at the cost of decreased
performance, while UDP is less reliable, but
generally faster
 High-Level Protocols

Other protocols build on the foundation

established by the TCP/IP protocol suite
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Telnet
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http)
 MIME Types

Related to the idea of network protocols

and standardization is the concept of a
files MIME type
MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extension
Based on a documents MIME type, an
application program can decide how to deal
with the data it is given
 MIME Types

Figure Some protocols and the ports we use

 Firewalls

Firewall A machine and its software that

serve as a special gateway to a network,
protecting it from inappropriate access
Filters the network traffic that comes in,
checking the validity of the messages as
much as possible and perhaps denying some
messages altogether
Enforces an organizations access control
policy
 Firewalls

Figure A firewall protecting a LAN

Firewalls
 Network Addresses

Hostname A unique identification that

specifies a particular computer on the
Internet
For example
matisse.csc.villanova.edu
condor.develocorp.com
 Network Addresses

Network software translates a hostname

into its corresponding IP address
For example
205.39.145.18
 Network Addresses
An IP address can be split into
network address, which specifies a specific network
host number, which specifies a particular machine in
that network

Figure :An IP address is stored in four bytes

 Packets

A small chunk of data transmitted over the

Internet
SUMI RUBI

The
Internet
 Domain Name System

A hostname consists of the computer name

followed by the domain name
csc.villanova.edu is the domain name
A domain name is separated into two or more
sections that specify the organization, and possibly a
subset of an organization, of which the computer is a
part
Two organizations can have a computer named the
same thing because the domain name makes it clear
which one is being referred to
 Domain Name System

The very last section of the domain is called its

top-level domain (TLD) name

Figure :Top-level domains, including some relatively new ones

 Domain Name System
Organizations based in countries other than the United
States use a top-level domain that corresponds to their two-
letter country codes

Figure :Some of the top-level domain names based on country codes

 Domain Name System

The domain name system (DNS) is

chiefly used to translate hostnames into
numeric IP addresses
DNS is an example of a distributed database
If that server can resolve the hostname, it
does so
If not, that server asks another domain name
server
 Network Components

Physical Media
Interconnecting Devices
Computers
Networking Software
Applications
 Applications

E-mail
Searchable Data (Web Sites)
E-Commerce
News Groups
Internet Telephony (VoIP)
Video Conferencing
Chat Groups
Instant Messengers
Internet Radio
Thank You