Wireless Broadband Networks

Assoc.Dr.Ibrahim Khider Eltahir

[email protected]
November 2015
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COURSE OUTLINE
Part 2: Introduction to Broadband Wireless Systems
Evolution of Broadband Wireless
Fixed Broadband Wireless Systems
Mobile Broadband Wireless Systems
Broadband Wireless Technologies (3G Cellular systems WiFi systems , WiMAX vs.
3G,LTE vs. 3G and WiFi)
Spectrum options of Broadband Wireless systems.
challenges for Broadband Wireless systems.
Part3: WiMAX Broadband Wireless System
Part 4: LTE Broadband Wireless System
Part5:Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Part6:Multiple-Antenna Techniques(MIMO)

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Part 4: LTE Broadband Wireless System

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The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is often called 4G, but many also claim that LTE release
10, also referred to as LTE-Advanced.
first release of LTE (release 8) then being labeled as 3.9G
An evolution of LTE as developed by 3GPP was submitted as one candidate to the
ITU-R evaluation.
IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced:
-3G (IMT-2000) and 4G (IMT-Advanced)

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In LTE peak data rate is increased, with the downlink having 100 Mbps
and the uplink having 50 Mbps.
LTE uses multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) technique (i.e., it uses multiple
antennas).
The downlink is based on orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA)
the uplink is based on single carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA)
Each radio frame is 10 ms long and can be divided into subframes each of 1 ms duration.
Each subframe can be further divided into two slots, each of 0.5 ms duration.
LTE also uses transmission power control (TPC) and adaptive modulation and coding
(AMC).
Both automatic repeat request (ARQ) and hybrid ARQ (HARQ) are used to combat
transmission errors
Mobility management is also needed in LTE for the mobile user to move from one cell to
another cell
Soft handoff, which is used in code-division multiple access (CDMA) cellular networks,
is not used in LTE ,it used hard hand over.

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Radio resource management is also needed to make efficient use of the resources
available to meet radio resource requirements
The functions of radio resource management include radio admission control,
connection mobility control, dynamic resource allocation and packet scheduling,
intercell interference coordination, load balancing.
The quality of service in LTE is greatly improved by having a high peak data
rate and low latency.
There are many applications for LTE. These applications include web browsing, file
transfer protocol, video streaming, music streaming, voice over IP

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Spectrum for IMT Systems

ITU-R concerning IMT-Advanced has been to identify globally available spectrum, suitable
for IMT systems.
Spectrum for 3G was first identified at the World Administrative Radio Congress WARC
Additional spectrum was identified for IMT-2000 at later World Radio communication
conferences.
The worldwide frequency arrangements for IMT-2000 are outlined in ITU-R
recommendation
The recommendation outlines the regional variations in how the bands are
Implemented
parts of the spectrum are paired and others are unpaired
For the paired spectrum, the bands for uplink (mobile transmit) and downlink (base-station
transmit) are identified for Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD) operation. The unpaired bands
can, for example, be used for Time-Division Duplex (TDD) operation

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DRIVERS FOR LTE

three main design parameters influenced the development of LTE

Data rate. Many services with lower data rates such as voice services are important and still
occupy a large part of a mobile networks overall capacity, but it is the higher data rate services
that drive the design of the radio interface. The ever increasing demand for higher data rates for
web browsing, streaming and file transfer pushes the peak data rates for mobile systems from
kbit/s for 2G, to Mbit/s for 3G and getting close to Gbit/s for 4G.
Delay. Interactive services such as real-time gaming, but also web browsing and interactive file
transfer, have requirements for very low delay, making it a primary design target. There are,
however, many applications such as e-mail and television where the delay requirements are not as
strict. The delay for a packet sent from a server to a client and back is called latency.
Capacity. From the mobile system operators point of view, it is not only the peak data rates
provided to the end-user that are of importance, but also the total data rate that can be provided on
average from each deployed base station site and per hertz of licensed spectrum. This measure
of capacity is called spectral efficiency. In the case of capacity shortage in a mobile system, the
Quality-of-Service (QoS) for the individual end-users may be degraded.

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Notes
The demand for new services and for higher peak bit rates and system capacity is not only met by
evolution of the technology to 4G. There is also a demand for more spectrum resources to expand
systems and the demand also leads to more competition between an increasing number of mobile
operators and between alternative technologies to provide mobile broadband services.
With more spectrum coming into use for mobile broadband, there is a need to operate mobile systems
in a number of different frequency bands, in spectrum allocations of different sizes and sometimes also
in fragmented spectrum.
The demand for new mobile services and the evolution of the radio interface to LTE have served as
drivers to evolve the core network.

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STANDARDIZATION of LTE

With a framework for IMT systems set up by the ITU-R, with spectrum made
available by the WRC and with an ever increasing demand for better performance,
the task of specifying the LTE system that meets the design targets falls on 3GPP.
3GPP writes specifications for 2G, 3G, and 4G mobile systems, and 3GPP
technologies are the most widely deployed in the world, with more than 4.5 billion
connections in 2010. In order to understand how 3GPP works, it is important to
understand the process of writing standards.

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STANDARDIZATION OF LTE

The standardization process is different in the different forums, but typically includes the four phases

1. Requirements, where it is decided what is to be achieved by the standard.(short

phase)
2. Architecture, where the main building blocks and interfaces are decided.
(principles of how to meet the requirements.) long phase
3. Detailed specifications, where every interface is specified in detail.
4. Testing and verification, where the interface specifications are proven to work
with real-life equipment.

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The 3GPP Process

The Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is the standards-developing body that specifies the
LTE/LTE-Advanced, as well as 3G UTRA and 2G GSM systems. 3GPP is a partnership project formed
by the standards bodies ETSI, ARIB, TTC, TTA, CCSA, and ATIS. 3GPP consists of four Technical
Specifications Groups (TSGs) see Figure 1.5.

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Releases of 3GPP specifications for LTE.

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3GPP time schedule for LTE-Advanced in relation to ITU time-schedule on IMT-Advanced.

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LTE Radio Access:

The work on LTE was initiated in late 2004 with the overall aim of providing a new radio-access
technology focusing on packet-switched data only.
The first phase of the 3GPP work on LTE was to define a set of performance and capability targets for
LTE include peak data rate user/system throughput, spectral efficiency, and control/user latency.
Once the targets were set, 3GPP studies on the feasibility of different technical solutions considered
for LTE were followed by development of the detailed specifications.
The first release of the LTE specifications, release 8, was completed in the spring of 2008 and
commercial network operation began in late 2009.
Release 8 has then been followed by additional LTE releases, introducing additional functionality and
capabilities in different areas, as illustrated in Figure 7.1.
In parallel to the development of LTE, there has also been an evolution of the overall 3GPP network
architecture, termed System Architecture Evolution (SAE), including both the radio-access network and
the core network.
Requirements were also set on the architecture evolution, leading to a new radio-access-network
architecture with a single type of node, the eNodeB, as well as a new core-network architecture. An
excellent description of the LTE-associated core-network architecture, the Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

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BASIC PRINCIPLES

The LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on conventional OFDM.

the core of the LTE transmission scheme is the use of shared-channel transmission with the
overall timefrequency resource dynamically shared between users.
Channel-Dependent Scheduling and Rate Adaptation: The scheduler determines the data
rate to be used for transmission. The scheduler is thus a key element and to a large extent
determines the overall system performance, especially in a highly loaded network.
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination :is to avoid scheduling transmissions to/from
terminals at the cell border simultaneously in neighboring cells, thereby avoiding the worst-case
interference situations . To support such interference coordination, the LTE specification includes
several messages that can be communicated between eNodeBs.
hybrid ARQ with soft combining is used in LTE to allow the terminal to rapidly request
retransmissions of erroneously received transport blocks and to provide a tool for implicit rate
adaptation.
Multi-Antenna Transmission : LTE included support for different multi-antenna transmission
techniques as an integral part of the radio-interface specifications.
Spectrum Flexibility : LTE radio access in difference frequency bands with different
characteristics

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LTE RELEASE 9

After completing the first release of LTE, work continued in 3GPP with introducing additional
functionality in the second release of the LTE specifications, release 9.
The main enhancements seen in release 9, completed in late 2009, were support for:
1- multicast transmission
2-support for network assisted positioning services:
Positioning, as the name implies, refers to determine the location of individual terminals. Determining
the position of a terminal can, in principle, be done by including a GPS receiver in the terminal.
3- enhancements to beam-forming in the downlink: improving the flexibility in deploying various
multi-antenna schemes

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Long Term Evolution(LTE): Specifications and
Speed

Parameter Details
Peak downlink speed with 64QAM in Mbps 100 (SISO), 172 (2x2 MIMO), 326 (4x4 MIMO)
Peak uplink speeds(Mbps) 50 (QPSK), 57 (16QAM), 86 (64QAM)
All packet switched data (voice and data). No
Data type
circuit switched.
Channel bandwidth (MHz) 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20
Duplex schemes FDD and TDD
0 - 15 km/h (optimised),
Mobility
15 - 120 km/h (high performance)
Idle to active less than 100ms
Latency
Small packets ~10 ms
Downlink: 3 - 4 times Rel 6 HSDPA
Spectral efficiency
Uplink: 2 -3 x Rel 6 HSUPA
OFDMA (Downlink)
Access schemes
SC-FDMA (Uplink)
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Uplink and
Modulation types supported
downlink)

The Second meeting of SATRC Working Group on Spectrum

20
12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
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LTE RELEASE 10 AND IMT-ADVANCED

as a first step in defining IMT-Advanced, the ITU defined a set of requirements that any IMT-
Advanced compliant technology should fulfill. Examples of these requirements are support for at
least 40 MHz bandwidth.
LTE release 10 was completed in late 2010 and enhances LTE spectrum flexibility through:
1-carrier aggregation. multiple component carriers are aggregated and jointly used for transmission
to/from a single terminal Up to five component carriers, possibly each of different bandwidth, can be
aggregated, allowing for transmission bandwidths up to 100 MHz (LTE support 1MHz to 20 MHz )
2-further extends multi-antenna transmission(extend to 8 transmission layer)
3-introduces support for relaying.
4- provides improvements in the area of inter-cell interference coordination in heterogeneous network
deployments

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Heterogeneous deployments refer to deployments with a mixture of cells with different

downlink transmission power, operating on (partially) the same set of frequencies and with
overlapping geographical coverage (Figure 7.6). A typical example is a pico cell placed
within the coverage area of a macro cell.
release 10 introduced improved inter-cell interference handling focusing on scenarios
with large power differences between overlapping cells.

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TERMINAL CAPABILITIES

To support different scenarios, which may call for different terminal capabilities in terms of data
rates, as well as to allow for market differentiation in terms of low- and high-end terminals with a
corresponding difference in price, not all terminals support all capabilities.
Furthermore, terminals from an earlier release of the standard will not support features introduced
in later versions of LTE.

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ADVANTAGES OF LTE

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LTE-ADVANCED (4G)
Peak data rates up to 1Gbps are expected from bandwidths of 100MHz. OFDM adds
additional sub-carrier to increase bandwidth
LTE-Advanced will be standardized in the 3GPP specification Release 10 (LTE-A)
and will be designed to meet the 4G requirements as defined by ITU

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Evolution of LTE-Advanced
Asymmetric transmission bandwidth
Layered OFDMA
Advanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception
Techniques
Enhanced Multi-antenna Transmission
Techniques
Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTE-
Advanced

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Asymmetric Transmission
Bandwidth
Symmetric transmission
Voice transmission: UE to UE
Asymmetric transmission
Streaming video : the server to the UE (the
downlink)

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Layered OFDMA
The bandwidth of basic frequency block is,
15 - 20 MHz
Layered OFDMA comprises layered
transmission bandwidth assignment
(bandwidth is assigned to match the required
data rate), a layered control signaling
structure, and support for layered
environments for both the downlink and
uplink.

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Coordinated Multi-Point
Transmission/Reception (CoMP)
The CoMP is one of the candidate techniques
for LTE-Advanced systems to increase the
average cell throughput and cell edge user
throughput in the both uplink and downlink.

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Enhanced Multi-Antenna
Transmission Techniques
In LTE-A, the MIMO scheme has to be further
improved in the area of spectrum efficiency,
average cell through put and cell edge
performances
In LTE-A the antenna configurations of 8x8 in DL
and 4x4 in UL are planned

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Enhanced Techniques to Extend

Coverage Area
Remote Radio Requirements (RREs) using
optical fiber should be used in LTE-A as
effective technique to extend cell coverage

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Support of Larger Bandwidth in

LTE-Advanced
Peak data rates up to 1Gbps are expected
from bandwidths of 100MHz. OFDM adds
additional sub-carrier to increase bandwidth

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Long Term Evolution(LTE)-Advanced: Key
Features
Features:-
Compatibility of services
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and
applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low
mobility).
Spectrum efficiency: 3 times greater than LTE.
Peak spectrum efficiency: downlink 30 bps/Hz; uplink 6.75
bps/Hz.
Spectrum use: the ability to support scalable bandwidth use
and spectrum aggregation.

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WCDMA HDPA HSPA+ LTE LTE

(UMTS) Advanced
Max downlink speed( bps) 384 k 14 M 28 M 300M 1G
Max uplink speed (bps) 128 k 5.7 M 11 M 75 M 500 M
Latency round trip time 150 ms 100 ms 50ms ~10 ms less than 5
(approx) (max) ms
3GPP releases Rel 99/4 Rel 5 / 6 Rel 7 Rel 8 Rel 10
Access methodology CDMA CDMA CDMA OFDMA OFDMA /
/SC-FDMA SC-FDMA

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NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

The LTE network architecture is shown in Figure in next slide . The user equipment (UE)
or mobile phone is connected wirelessly to the enhanced node B (eNB) or base station.
In 3G networks, the base station is known simply as node B (NB).
The eNBs can communicate with each other using a X2 interface, as shown by the long
dashed lines,
while the eNBs can communicate with the mobility management entity (MME) in
the control plane and/or system architecture evolved (SAE) in the user plane using a
S1 interface, as shown by short dashed lines.
The MME/SAE gateway is called the evolved packet core (EPC).

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Evolved Packet System (EPS) consists of two parts

E-UTRAN Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
EPC Evolved Packet Core
E-UTRAN
Consists of only one kind of node: eNode-B
Compare with UMTS
EPC
Fully based on IP consists of elements
MME Mobility Management Entity (like SGSN)
S-GW & PDN-GW: Serving and Packet Data Network Gateways
Home subscriber server (HSS)
Voice and real-time applications will make use of the IP
Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

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Network architecture for LTE

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LTE Physical Layer

OFDMA and SC-FDMA have been adopted as the physical-layer air interfaces for
LTE downlink and uplink, respectively.
The major design targets for LTE are as follows:
The peak data rate is 100 Mbps for downlink and 50 Mbps for uplink over a
20-MHz bandwidth.
LTE provides communications with a terminal, moving up even to 500 km/h.
LTE supports scalable bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz.
LTE supports both time-division duplex (TDD) and frequency-division duplex
(FDD) for uplink and downlink separation.
The available downlink bandwidth

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LTE Downlink
Frame Structure :
frame structure of LTE downlink transmission shown bellow:

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Each radio frame is of 10 ms duration and consists of 10 subframes. Each subframe consists of two
time slots of 0.5 ms each. The basic time unit is Ts = 1/30,720 ms
In one slot, there are seven or six OFDM symbols, depending on whether short or long cyclic prefix
(CP) length is used
The short CP length is 5.21 s for the first OFDM symbol and 4.69 s for the remaining six OFDM
symbols; the long CP length is 16.67 s for all six OFDMsymbols.
Table in next slide summarizes the OFDM parameters associated with LTE downlink

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LTE Uplink
LTE uplink transmission is based on single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA). Compared to OFDMA,
SC-FDMA has low PAPR, which is a desired feature for the user terminals since low PARP brings
a great benefit in terms of power consumption.

The frame structure of the LTE uplink transmission

Table in next slid summarizes the parameters for the uplink frame structure.

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Physical Uplink Channels The following physical channels are defined

for the LTE uplink transmission:
Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). User data are carried on this channel.
Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). This channel carries uplink control
information: channel quality indication (CQI), ACK/NACK information related to data
packets received in the downlink, and HARQ and uplink scheduling requests. Note that
the user equipment (UE) uses PUCCH only when it does not have any data to transmit on
PUSCH. If the UE has data to transmit on PUSCH.
Physical random access channel (PRACH). This channel is used for initial
link connection without timing synchronization. It consists of a cyclic prefix, a
preamble, and a guard time, during which no signal is transmitted. The channel
occupies a 1.08-MHz transmission bandwidth, which is equivalent to six
RBs (72 contiguous subcarriers). (6X12X15kHz)

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Advanced Features
Time-Frequency Domain Scheduling: In LTE, time-frequency domain
channel-dependent scheduling is supported for both uplink (PUSCH) and downlink
(PDSCH). This is achieved through acquiring theCQIs of the respective channels.
Link Adaptation In LTE, downlink supports QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64- QAM modulations.
In uplink, QPSK and 16-QAM are supported, with 64-QAM being optional. Based on CQI and
QoS requirement, LTE supports various link adaptations, including transmission power control,
adaptive modulation, and coding as well as adaptive bandwidth allocation. Further, LTE
supports HARQ.
MIMO is one of the main features supported by LTE, for the purpose of achieving its design
targets. In fact, to achieve a 100-Mbps peak data rate in downlink transmission over a 20-MHz
bandwidth, two independent data streams are multiplexed through 2 2 MIMO or 4 2
MIMO systems
Spatial diversity is exploited using MIMO,

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LTE MAC Layer

Scheduling of system resources in LTE is performed by (MAC) protocol.
The MAC has to be designed for both the downlink and uplink in LTE cellular networks
LTE specifies two types of random access procedures
The MAC controls access to a shared medium or radio spectrum
MAC function consists essentially of the following in LTE
1-Radio resource control (RRC) 2- Packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)
3- Radio link control (RLC) 4- MAC
Above this stack is the host; below this stack is the physical layer
IP packets from the host are packets into the PDCP protocol data unit (PDU) with PDCP
headers.
These are then passed down to the RLC and packed together with RLC headers to form
RLC PDUs
These, in turn, are passed to the MAC layer as MAC service data
units (SDUs)
MAC headers and paddings are added to form MAC PDUs
These are then passed to the physical layer as transport blocks
Each transport block is a subframe of 1 ms, and each subframe consists of two slots,
each of 0.5 ms.

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Downlink
The MAC function includes hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ).
HARQ is used to provide robustness against transmission errors using
retransmissions with soft combining at the physical layer.
The logical channels are above the MAC whereas the transport channels are below
The MAC
The logical channels represent the data transfer services that are offered by
the MAC; the transport channels represent the data transfer services that are offered
by the physical layer.
Logical channels are defined by what type of information they carry, whereas
transport channels are defined by how information is carried.
There are two types of logical channels: control channels and traffic channels.
Control channels are used for control plane information, and traffic channels are used
for user plane information.

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Downlink
The control channels offered by the MAC are as follows:

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The traffic control channels offered by the MAC are as follows:

Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)
The DTCH is a point-to-point bidirectional data or application-level signaling channel
that is used between a UE and the network.
Multicast traffic channel (MTCH)
The MTCH is a point-to-multipoint data channel. It is used for transmission of data traffic from
the network to one or more UEs.
The transport channels offered by the physical layer are as follows:
Paging channel (PCH) Broadcast channel (BCH) Downlink shared channel (DL-
SCH) Multicast channel (MCH)
The PCH is associated with the PCCH logical channel; the BCH is associated
with the BCCH logical channel. The DL-SCH is used to transport user control or
data traffic in the downlink. The MCH is associated with the MBMS user of transport
control information. The mapping between downlink logical channels and downlink
transport channels is shown in Figure in next slide

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Uplink
The main differences between the uplink and the downlink are that the peak rate of the uplink is
only half that of the downlink; the access in the uplink is granted by the eNB, the use of random
access for initial transmission, and some changes in the logical and transport channels.
The functions of the PDCP in the uplink are symmetric to those in the downlink. The PDCP
functions include header compression and encryption. The functions of the RLC in the uplink are also
symmetric to those in the downlink. The RLC functions include adding RLC header, segmentation,
and concatenation into transmission blocks.
The MAC function includes hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), mapping between the logical
channels and transport channels, uplink scheduling.
The control channels offered by the MAC are as follows:
Common control channel (CCCH)
Dedicated control channel (DCCH)
The traffic control channel offered by the MAC is as follows:
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)
The transport channels offered by the physical layer are as follows:
Random access channel (RACH)
Uplink shared channel (UL-SCH)
The mapping between uplink logical channels and uplink transport channels
are shown in Figure in next slide

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MOBILITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

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RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

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SECURITY

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QUALITY OF SERVICE

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APPLICATIONS
LTE is expected to support different types of applications. These applications
include the following:
Web browsing, File transfer protocol (FTP), Video streaming, Music streaming
Voice over IP (VoIP), Network gaming, Real-time video, Push to talk (PTT)
Push to view (PTV).
Network gaming connects different players together to play games with each other through
LTE and the core network.
PTT is a way to send transmissions instantaneously to other users in LTE, emulating walkie-
talkie communications.
PTV allows a user to take a picture and send it instantaneously to other users in LTE.

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