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Lecture 1: Introduction: Prof. Myrna A. Coliat

This document provides an overview and introduction to an AI course. It discusses different views of AI, including thinking humanly, thinking rationally, acting humanly, and acting rationally. It then reviews the history of AI from its philosophical foundations to modern achievements, including Deep Blue defeating Kasparov at chess. The course will cover topics like search, logic, planning, learning, and natural language processing to design rational agents.

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22 views

Lecture 1: Introduction: Prof. Myrna A. Coliat

This document provides an overview and introduction to an AI course. It discusses different views of AI, including thinking humanly, thinking rationally, acting humanly, and acting rationally. It then reviews the history of AI from its philosophical foundations to modern achievements, including Deep Blue defeating Kasparov at chess. The course will cover topics like search, logic, planning, learning, and natural language processing to design rational agents.

Uploaded by

karen19pau
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1 : Introduction

Prof. Myrna A. Coliat


Faculty, CEAFACS
BatStateU
Outline
Course overview
What is AI?
A brief history
The state of the art
Course overview
Introduction and Agents
Search
Logic
Planning
Uncertainty
Learning
Natural Language Processing
What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four categories:
Thinking humanly
Thinking rationally
Acting humanly
Acting rationally

The textbook advocates "acting rationally"




Acting humanly: Turing Test
 Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
 "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?"
 Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

 Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling


a lay person for 5 minutes
 Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years
 Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language
understanding, learning

Thinking humanly: cognitive
modeling
1960s "cognitive revolution": information-processing
psychology
Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the
brain
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-
down)
or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-
up)
Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and
Cognitive Neuroscience)
are now distinct from AI

 -- How to validate? Requires


Thinking rationally: "laws of
thought"
 Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought
processes?
 Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic:
notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may or
may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization
 Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to
modern AI
 Problems:
1. Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation
2. What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I have
Acting rationally: rational agent
 Rational behavior: doing the right thing
The right thing: that which is expected to maximize
goal achievement, given the available information
Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g., blinking
reflex – but thinking should be in the service of
rational action
Rational agents
An agent is an entity that perceives and acts

This course is about designing rational agents

Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to


actions:
[f: P*  A]
For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the
agent (or class of agents) with the best performance
Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality
unachievable
 design best program for given machine resources


AI prehistory
 Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
 Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability
 Economics utility, decision theory
 Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
 Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control,
experimental techniques
 Computer building fast computers
engineering
 Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
 Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar
Abridged history of AI
 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
 1952—69 Look, Ma, no hands!
 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
 1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
 1980-- AI becomes an industry
 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
 1987-- AI becomes a science
 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
State of the art
Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion
Garry Kasparov in 1997
Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)
unsolved for decades
No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of
the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI
logistics planning and scheduling program that involved
up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
NASA's on-board autonomous planning program
controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most
humans

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