Chapter 3

Kinematics in Two Dimensions

3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

ro initial position

r final position

r r ro displaceme nt
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

Average velocity is the

displacement divided by
the elapsed time.

r ro r
v
t to t
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

The instantaneous velocity indicates how fast

the car moves and the direction of motion at each
instant of time.

r
v lim
t 0 t
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

r
v lim
t 0 t
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ACCELERATION

v v o v
a
t to t

v
v

vo
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

Equations of Kinematics

v vo at

x 1
2
vo v t
v v 2ax
2 2
o

x vot at 1
2
2
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

vx vox axt x 1
2
vox vx t
x voxt a xt 1 2 v v 2a x x
2
x
2
ox
2
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

v y voy a y t

y voyt a yt 1
2
2

y 1
2
v oy vy t

v v 2a y y
2
y
2
oy
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

The x part of the motion occurs exactly as it would if the

y part did not occur at all, and vice versa.
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

Example 1 A Moving Spacecraft

In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity component

of +22 m/s and an acceleration of +24 m/s2. In the y direction, the
analogous quantities are +14 m/s and an acceleration of +12 m/s2.
Find (a) x and vx, (b) y and vy, and (c) the final velocity of the
spacecraft at time 7.0 s.
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

Reasoning Strategy
1. Make a drawing.

2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and

negative (-).

3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five
kinematic variables associated with each direction.

4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three

of the kinematic variables. Do this for x and y. Select the
appropriate equation.

5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that

the final velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the next.

6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a

kinematics problem.
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

Example 1 A Moving Spacecraft

In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity component

of +22 m/s and an acceleration of +24 m/s2. In the y direction, the
analogous quantities are +14 m/s and an acceleration of +12 m/s2.
Find (a) x and vx, (b) y and vy, and (c) the final velocity of the
spacecraft at time 7.0 s.

x ax vx vox t
? +24.0 m/s2 ? +22 m/s 7.0 s

y ay vy voy t
? +12.0 m/s2 ? +14 m/s 7.0 s
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

x ax vx vox t
? +24.0 m/s2 ? +22 m/s 7.0 s

x voxt a x t
1
2
2

22 m s 7.0 s 1
2
24 m s 7.0 s
2 2
740 m

vx vox a xt

22 m s 24 m s 2
7.0 s 190 m s
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

y ay vy voy t
? +12.0 m/s2 ? +14 m/s 7.0 s

y voyt a y t
1
2
2

14 m s 7.0 s 12 m s
1
2 2
7.0 s 2
390 m

v y voy a y t

14 m s 12 m s 7.0 s 98 m s
2
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

v
v y 98 m s

vx 190 m s

v 190 m s 2
98 m s 210 m s
2

tan 98 190 27
1
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
3.3 Projectile Motion

Under the influence of gravity alone, an object near the

surface of the Earth will accelerate downwards at 9.80m/s2.

a y 9.80 m s 2
ax 0

vx vox constant
3.3 Projectile Motion

Example 3 A Falling Care Package

The airplane is moving horizontally with a constant velocity of

+115 m/s at an altitude of 1050m. Determine the time required
for the care package to hit the ground.
3.3 Projectile Motion

y ay vy voy t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s ?
3.3 Projectile Motion

y ay vy voy t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s ?

y voyt a yt 1
2
2
y a yt
1
2
2

2y 2 1050 m
t 14.6 s
ay 9.80 m s 2
3.3 Projectile Motion

Example 4 The Velocity of the Care Package

What are the magnitude and direction of the final velocity of

the care package?
3.3 Projectile Motion

y ay vy voy t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 ? 0 m/s 14.6 s
3.3 Projectile Motion

y ay vy voy t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 ? 0 m/s 14.6 s

v y voy a y t 0 9.80 m s 14.6 s
2

143 m s
3.3 Projectile Motion

Conceptual Example 5 I Shot a Bullet into the Air...

Suppose you are driving a convertible with the top down.

The car is moving to the right at constant velocity. You point
a rifle straight up into the air and fire it. In the absence of air
resistance, where would the bullet land behind you, ahead
of you, or in the barrel of the rifle?
3.3 Projectile Motion

Example 6 The Height of a Kickoff

A placekicker kicks a football at and angle of 40.0 degrees and

the initial speed of the ball is 22 m/s. Ignoring air resistance,
determine the maximum height that the ball attains.
3.3 Projectile Motion

vo
voy

vox

voy vo sin 22 m ssin 40 14 m s

vox vo sin 22 m s cos 40 17 m s

3.3 Projectile Motion

y ay vy voy t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 14 m/s
3.3 Projectile Motion

y ay vy voy t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 14 m/s

v v 2a y y
2 2 v v
2 2

y
y oy
y oy
2a y

0 14 m s
2
y 10 m
2 9.8 m s
2
3.3 Projectile Motion

Example 7 The Time of Flight of a Kickoff

What is the time of flight between kickoff and landing?

3.3 Projectile Motion

y ay vy voy t
0 -9.80 m/s2 14 m/s ?
3.3 Projectile Motion

y ay vy voy t
0 -9.80 m/s2 14 m/s ?

y voyt a yt 1
2
2

0 14 m s t 1
2 9.80 m s t 2 2

0 214 m s 9.80 m s t 2

t 2.9 s
3.3 Projectile Motion

Example 8 The Range of a Kickoff

Calculate the range R of the projectile.

x voxt axt voxt

1
2
2

17 m s 2.9 s 49 m
3.3 Projectile Motion
Conceptual Example 10 Two Ways to Throw a Stone

From the top of a cliff, a person throws two stones. The stones
have identical initial speeds, but stone 1 is thrown downward
at some angle above the horizontal and stone 2 is thrown at
the same angle below the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance,
which stone, if either, strikes the water with greater velocity?
3.4 Relative Velocity

v PG v PT v TG
 3.4 Relative Velocity

Example 11 Crossing a River

The engine of a boat drives it across a river that is 1800m wide.
The velocity of the boat relative to the water is 4.0m/s directed
perpendicular to the current. The velocity of the water relative
to the shore is 2.0m/s.

(a) What is the velocity of the

boat relative to the shore?

(b) How long does it take for

the boat to cross the river?
3.4 Relative Velocity

v BS v BW v WS

4.0
tan 1
63

2.0

vBS v 2
BW v
2
WS 4.0 m s 2.0 m s
2 2

4.5 m s
3.4 Relative Velocity

1800 m
t 450 s
4.0 m s