Chapter 3 (Part 2):

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF
CLOSED SYSTEMS
(CONTROLLED MASS)
Objectives
Examine the moving boundary work or P dV work commonly
encountered in reciprocating devices such as automotive engines
and compressors.
Identify the first law of thermodynamics as simply a statement of
the conservation of energy principle for closed (fixed mass)
systems.
Develop the general energy balance applied to closed systems.
Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at
constant pressure.
Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in
internal energy and enthalpy of ideal gases.
Describe incompressible substances and determine the changes in
their internal energy and enthalpy.
Solve energy balance problems for closed (fixed mass) systems
that involve heat and work interactions for general pure
substances, ideal gases, and incompressible substances.
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 MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
Moving boundary work (P dV work): Quasi-equilibrium process:
The expansion and compression work A process during which the system
in a piston-cylinder device. (moving- remains nearly in equilibrium at all
movements of the inner face of the times. P inner piston = P of the gas
piston) in the system
Wb is positive for expansion
Wb is negative for compression
P is always +ve, but the volume change,
dV depends on the either expansion(+ve)
or compression (-ve)

A gas does a
differential amount of The work associated
work Wb as it forces with a moving
the piston to move by boundary is called
a differential amount boundary work.
3
ds.
 The boundary
work done
during a process
depends on the
path followed as
well as the end
states.

The area under the process

curve on a P-V diagram
represents the boundary work. The net work done
during a cycle is the
difference between
the work done by
the system and the
work done on the
system.
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 Polytropic Processes
Polytropic processes obeys equation :

Polytropic process: C, n (polytropic exponent) constants

C = P1V1n = P2V2n
At ideal gas, PV= mRT

n 1

Special case when n = 1,

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Isothermal processes
Isothermal process is a process that have the same temperature throughout
the states, T = 0

compressed

Special case when T = 0, n=1

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Isobaric process
Isobaric process is the process that have the same pressure throughout
the states of the system, P = 0

* The case of a frictionless piston

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Isochoric processes
Isochoric process is a process that have the same volume throughout the
states of the system, V = 0

No work is done, W = 0
2 0
Wb PdV 0
1

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Exercise
1. 1 m3 of saturated liquid water at 200oC is expanded isobaric in a
closed system until its quality is 80%. Determine the total work
produced by this expansion in kJ. (ans: 1.355 x 105 kJ)
2. A piston-cylinder device contains 2 kg of nitrogen at 100kPa and
300K. Nitrogen is now compressed slowly according to the relation
PV1.4 = constant until it reaches a final temperature of 360K.
Calculate the work input during this process. (ans: -89kJ)
3. 1.5kg water that initially at 1MPa and 30% quality occupies a
spring-loaded piston-cylinder device. This device is now cooled
until the water is a saturated liquid at 100oC. Calculate the total
work produced during this process in kJ. (ans: -48kJ)

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ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
Energy balance for any system
undergoing any process

Energy balance
in the rate form

The total quantities are related to the quantities per unit time is

Energy balance per

unit mass basis
Energy balance in
differential form

Energy balance
for a cycle

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First law of thermodynamics
The increase in the overall energy of a system
is equal to the amount of energy added by
heating the system minus the amount lost as a
result of the work done by the system on its
surroundings.

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Energy balance when sign convention is used (i.e., heat input and work
output are positive; heat output and work input are negative).

Various forms of the first-law relation

For a cycle E = 0, thus Q = W. for closed systems when sign
convention is used.
The first law cannot be proven mathematically, but no process in nature is known
to have violated the first law, and this should be taken as sufficient proof.
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 Energy balance for a constant-pressure
expansion or compression process
General analysis for a closed system For a constant-pressure expansion
undergoing a quasi-equilibrium or compression process:

U Wb H
constant-pressure process. Q is to the
system and W is from the system.

An example of constant-pressure process

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 SPECIFIC HEATS
Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as
the volume is maintained constant.
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as
the pressure is maintained constant.

Constant-
volume and
constant-
Specific heat is the energy pressure specific
required to raise the heats cv and cp
temperature of a unit mass (values are for
of a substance by one helium gas).
degree in a specified way. 14
 The equations in the figure are valid for any substance undergoing any
process.
cv and cp are properties.
cv is related to the changes in internal energy and cp to the changes in
enthalpy.
A common unit for specific heats is kJ/kg C or kJ/kg K. Are these units
identical?

Formal definitions of cv and cp.

The specific heat of a substance

changes with temperature.

True or False?
cp is always greater than cv.
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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES

Joule showed
using this
experimental Internal energy and
apparatus that For ideal gases,
enthalpy change of
u=u(T) u, h, cv, and cp
an ideal gas
vary with
temperature only.
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 At low pressures, all real gases approach u and h data for a number of
ideal-gas behavior, and therefore their gases have been tabulated.
specific heats depend on temperature only. These tables are obtained by
The specific heats of real gases at low choosing an arbitrary reference
pressures are called ideal-gas specific point and performing the
heats, or zero-pressure specific heats, and integrations by treating state 1
are often denoted cp0 and cv0. as the reference state.

Ideal-gas
constant-
pressure
specific heats
for some
gases (see In the preparation of ideal-gas
Table A2c tables, 0 K is chosen as the
for cp reference temperature.
equations). 17
Internal energy and enthalpy change when
specific heat is taken constant at an
average value

(kJ/kg)

For small temperature intervals, the

specific heats may be assumed to vary
linearly with temperature.

The relation u = cv T
is valid for any kind of
process, constant-
volume or not.
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Exercise
4. A 0.5m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 160kPa and
40 percent quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until
the pressure reaches 700kPa. Determine (a) the mass of the
refrigerant in the tank and (b) the amount of heat transferred.
Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation line.
(ans: (a) 10.03 kg, (b) 2708 kJ)
5. Saturated R-134a vapor at 40oC is condensed at constant pressure
to a saturated liquid in a closed piston-cylinder system. Calculate
the heat transfer and work done during this process, in kJ/kg. (Wb=
19.41 kJ/kg, Q= 163 kJ/kg)

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Three ways of calculating u and h
1. By using the tabulated u and h data.
This is the easiest and most
accurate way when tables are
readily available.
2. By using the cv or cp relations (Table
A-2c) as a function of temperature
and performing the integrations. This
is very inconvenient for hand
calculations but quite desirable for
computerized calculations. The
results obtained are very accurate.
3. By using average specific heats.
This is very simple and certainly very
convenient when property tables are
not available. The results obtained Three ways of calculating u.
are reasonably accurate if the
temperature interval is not very
large.

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Exercise
6. Determine the internal energy change u of hydrogen, in kJ/kg, as
it is heated from 200 to 800K, using (a) the empirical specific heat
equation as a function of temperature (Table A-2c), (b) the cv value
at the average temperature (Table A-2b) and (c) the cv value at
room temperature (Table A-2a). (Ans: (a) 6194 kJ/kg, (b) 6233
kJ/kg, (c) 6110 kJ/kg)
7. Calculate the change in the enthalpy of argon, in kJ/kg, when it is
cooled from 75oC to 25oC (value at 300K). If neon had undergone
this same change of temperature, would its enthalpy change have
been any different?

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 Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
The relationship between cp, cv and R

dh = cpdT and du = cvdT On a molar basis

Specific
heat ratio

The specific ratio varies with

temperature, but this variation is
very mild.
For monatomic gases (helium,
argon, etc.), its value is essentially
constant at 1.667.
The cp of an ideal gas can be
determined from a knowledge of Many diatomic gases, including air,
cv and R. have a specific heat ratio of about
1.4 at room temperature.
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Mohd Faizal Ali
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Mohd Faizal Ali
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Mohd Faizal Ali
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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Incompressible substance: A substance whose specific volume
(or density) is constant. Solids and liquids are incompressible
substances.

The specific volumes of The cv and cp values of

incompressible substances incompressible substances are
remain constant during a identical and are denoted by c.
process.
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Internal Energy Changes

Enthalpy Changes

The enthalpy of a compressed liquid

(equation 4-38)
A more accurate relation than 27
Example: Enthalpy of compressed liquid

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Temperature rise due to slapping

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Exercise
8. A 0.285m3 tank contains oxygen initially at 101kPa and 27oC. A
paddle wheel within the tank is rotated until the pressure inside
rises to 140kPa. During the process 20kJ of heat is lost to the
surroundings. Determine the paddle-wheel work done. Neglect
the energy stored in the paddle wheel based on the average
specific heat value. (Ans: 48.7 kJ)
9. A piston-cylinder device contains 4kg of argon at 250kPa ad 35oC.
During a quasi-equilibrium, isothermal expansion process, 15kJ of
boundary work is done by the system, and 3kJ of paddle-wheel
work is done on the system. Determine the heat transfer for this
process. (Ans: 12 kJ)

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Summary
Moving boundary work
Wb for an isothermal process
Wb for a constant-pressure process
Wb for a polytropic process
Energy balance for closed systems
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or
compression process

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