An Introduction to

Forensic Science
 What is Forensic Science?
the application of science to those criminal and civil
laws that are enforced by police agencies in a
criminal justice system.

penerapan ilmu pengetahuan untuk kasus hukum-

hukum pidana dan perdata yang diberlakukan oleh
lembaga kepolisian dalam sistem peradilan pidana.
 Forensic Science
Definition: The application of scientific technology to
supply accurate and objective information reflecting
the events that occurred at a crime.

Pengertian: Penerapan teknologi ilmiah untuk

memberikan informasi yang akurat dan obyektif yang
mencerminkan peristiwa yang terjadi di suatu
kejahatan.
 Forensic Science is
Applied Science
Often called criminalistics
 Forensic Science

Kasus Kejahatan Bila penjahatnya tak ditangkap &

dihukum masyarakat gelisah

Bila penjahatnya dihukum tanpa

pembuktian masyarakat tdk tenteram

Sejak dulu Hakim berusaha mencari kebenaran agar keputusan benar-benar berdasarkan
keadilan

Abad XIII untuk mencari kebenaran dipakai:

1. Pengakuan tertuduh
menimbulkan ekses-ekses berupa Penyiksaan.

2. Kesaksian
sering tidak dapat dipercaya

Maka Ilmu Pengetahuan yang sedang berkembang pada masa itu digunakan untuk
membantu memeriksa kebenaran kesaksian.

dinamakan Kriminalistik
 Forensic Science applies

}
Chemistry
Biology
to civil and criminal law
Physics
Geology

Places physical evidence into a professional

discipline.
The development of
Forensic Science
 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Popularized physical detection methods in a
crime scene
Developed the character Sherlock Holmes

1887 published first novel, A Study in Scarlet

had a considerable influence on popularizing scientific crime-detection methods

 Mathieu Orfila (1787 1853)
Father of Forensic Toxicology

1814 - Treatise on detection of poisons

& their effects on animals.
 Alphonse Bertillon
(1853 1914)

Father of Criminal Detection

Devised the first scientific
system of personal
identification, using body
measurements known as
anthropometry in 1879.
 Francis Galton
(1822 1911)

Conducted the first definitive study of

fingerprints and their classification.

1892 Treatise entitled Finger Prints

 Leone Lattes
(1887 1954)

Devised a simple procedure for determining

the blood type (A,B,O,AB) of a dried
bloodstain
 Calvin Goddard (1891 1955)

Used a comparison microscope to determine

if a bullet was fired from a specific gun
Published study of tool marks on bullets
Albert S. Osborn (1858 1946)
Developed fundamental
principles of document
examination
1910 Treatise Questioned
Documents

Was responsible for the

acceptance of documents as
scientific evidence by the
courts
 Edmond Locard (1877 1966)
Demonstrated how the principles
developed by Hans Gross could be
incorporated into a workable crime lab.

Locard's exchange principle states that

once contact is made between two
surfaces a transfer of material(s) will
occur.
 Edmond Locard
Father of the Crime Lab
In 1910, he started the 1st crime lab in an attic of
a police station.
With few tools, he quickly became known world-
wide to forensic scientists & criminal
investigators & eventually founded the Institute
of Criminalistics in France.
His most important contribution was the
Locards Exchange Principle
 Locards Exchange Principle
Every Contact Leaves a Trace.

He believed that every criminal can be

connected to a crime by particles carried
from the crime scene.

When a criminal comes in contact with an

object or person, a cross-transfer of
evidence occurs.
 J. Edgar Hoover

Director of Federal Bureau of Investigation during

the 1930s
He organized a national laboratory to offer
forensic services to all law enforcement agencies
in the U.S.

VERY CONTROVERSIAL
He exceeded & abused his authority with unjustified investigations
& illegal wiretaps based on political beliefs rather than suspected
criminal activity
FBI directors are now limited to 10-year terms
 What does a Forensic Scientist DO???
1. Analyze physical evidence
2. Provide Expert Testimony (kesaksian ahli)
3. Provide training in the recognition, collection
and preservation of physical evidence
(pengakuan , pengumpulan dan pelestarian
bukti fisik)
Organization of a
Crime Laboratory
4 Major FEDERAL Crime Labs in US:
FBI
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and
Explosives (ATF)
US Postal Inspection Service

Most states also have their own, smaller crime

labs
Complex Reasoning
In Forensic Science
Deductive (reasoning from
the general to the
particular) and
Inductive Reasoning
(reasoning from detailed
facts to general principles)
Classifying
Comparing and Contrasting
Problem Solving
Analyzing Perspectives
Constructing Support
Error Analysis
 Crime Labs
Since the 1960's the number of crime labs
increased due to the courts demanding secure
scientifically evaluated evidence.
More crime
More drug related crime
Greater need for physical evidence
Use of DNA profiling (1990s)

Presently there are 350 Crime Laboratories in the U.S.

 Services of the Crime Lab
Many local crime laboratories have been created
solely for the purpose of processing evidence
Currently most of their energy and funds are used to
analyze drugs and DNA.

In 1932, Hoover first established a national forensics

laboratory to support all law enforcement in the U.S.
The oldest American forensics laboratory is in Los
Angeles, California, created in 1923 by August
Volmer.
 Crime Lab Units
Standard Optional
Physical Science Toxicology
Biology Fingerprints
Firearms Polygraph
Documents Voice Print
Photography Evidence
 Basic Services Provided by
Full-Service Crime Laboratories
Physical Science Unit:
Applies the principles and techniques of
Chemistry
Physics
Geology
to the identification and comparison of
crime-scene evidence
Biology Unit:
Identifies dried bloodstains and body
fluids
Compares hairs and fibers
Identifes and compares botanical materials
such as wood and plants
Performs DNA analysis
 Basic Services (continued)
Firearms Unit: examines
Firearms
Discharged bullets
Cartridge cases
Shotgun shells
Ammunition of all types

Document Examination Unit:

Analyzes handwriting, paper and printers of documents

Photography Unit:
Examines and records physical evidence at the crime scene
and at suspects' locations
 Optional Services Provided by Full-Service Crime
Labs
Toxicology Unit:
Examines body fluids and organs in
order to determine the presence and
identification of drugs and poisons

Latent Fingerprint Unit:

Processes and examines evidence for
latent fingerprints
i.e. those found on surfaces

Voiceprint Analysis Unit:

Involved in cases of telephone threats or
tape-recorded messages
Investigators may be able to connect a
voice to a particular suspect

 Optional Services (continued)

Polygraph Unit:
Uses lie detectors, an
essential tool of the
crime investigator
rather than the forensic
scientist
Evidence-Collection
Unit:
Incorporates
evidence collection
into a total forensic
science service
 Other Forensic Services
Death can be classified into five different categories:
natural death, homicide, suicide, accident or
undetermined manner of death.
Forensic Pathology
The cause of death can often be
determined by performing an
autopsy
 Other Forensic Services - 2
Forensic Pathology continued
After a human body expires there are several
stages of death
Rigor Mortis
immediately following death, the
muscles relax and then become rigid,
shortening of the muscles.
Livor Mortis
when the human heart stops pumping,
due to the blood begins to settle in the
parts of the body closest to the ground
due to gravity. The skin will appear dark
blue or purple in these lower areas close
to the ground.
Algor Mortis
the process in which the body
temperature continually cools after
death until it reaches room
temperature, enabling the medical
examiner to establish the general time
of death.
Other Forensic Services - 3
Forensic Anthropology:
Primarily involves the
identification and examination of
skeletal remains, in order to
determine if the remains are
human or another type of
animal.
If human, ethnicity, sex,
approximate age, and manner of
death can often be determined
by an anthropologist.
 Other Forensic Services - 4
Forensic Entomology
The study of insects and their developmental
stages
Can help to determine the time of death by
knowing when those stages normally appear in
the insect's life cycle
 Other Forensic Services - 5
Forensic Psychiatry
The study of human behavior and legal
proceedings in both civil and criminal cases
In civil and criminal cases, competency often
needs to be determined
In criminal trials, the evaluation of behavior
disorders is often required in order to establish
the psychological profile of a suspect.
 Other Forensic Services - 6
Forensic Odontology
An odontologist can match bite marks to a
suspect's teeth, or match a victim to his dental x-
rays
Results in an identification of an unknown
individual
Forensic Engineering
Used to analyze construction accidents, and the
causes and origins of fires or explosions
 The Forensic Test- ideal case
Accurate: results stand up to scrutiny of court
Sensitive: to be able to deal with small samples
Specific: no cross reactivity
Quick: timely answers so it doesnt impede
investigation
Simple: complicated tests are prone to mistakes
Reliable and reproducible: to be repeated by other
labs
Affordable: expensive tests cannot be used
routinely
Readily available equipment and reagents
 The Functions of the
Forensic Scientist
Analysis of Physical Evidence
The forensic scientist must be skilled in applying the
principles and techniques of the physical and natural
sciences in order to identify the many types of evidence
that may be recovered during crime investigations.
Expert witness
An expert witness possesses a particular skill or has
knowledge in a trade or profession that will aid the court
in determining the truth.
 The Functions of the
Forensic Scientist
(continued)
Specially trained evidence collection
technicians
Training in Proper Recognition,
Collection, and Preservation of
Evidence is required so that
the forensic pathologist, as the
medical examiner or coroner,
can determine the cause of
death via an autopsy.
PUSAT LABORATORIUM
FORENSIK POLRI

Tugas pokok membina dan

menyelenggarakan fungsi kriminalistik/
forensik kepolisian pada tingkat pusat.
 PUSAT LABORATORIUM
FORENSIK POLRI

unsur pelaksana Badan Reserse Kriminal yang berkedudukan di

bawah dan bertanggung jawaban kepada Kepala Bagian Reserse
Kriminal
 1. Bidang Kimia dan Biologi Forensik (Bid
Kimbiofor)
- Bidang Kimia Umum Forensik meliputi
pemeriksaan; pemalsuan hasil-hasil industri,
makanan/minuman, obat-obatan, kosmetik, minyak
pelumas/oli, bahan bakar minyak dan bahan-bahan yang tidak
dikenal lainnya.

- Bidang Biologi Forensik meliputi

pemeriksaan; serologi, pemeriksaan cairan dan jaringan
tubuh (darah, sprema,air, ludah, rambut/bulu, kuku,
pemeriksaan tumbuhan, hewan dan sebagainya).
 - Bidang Toxikologi Forensik meliputi
pemeriksaan; peracunan dan keracunan baik
melalui makanan/minuman maupun melalui
udara/gas (Monoksida) dan Pencemaran
lingkungan (air limbah).
 2. Bidang Fisika dan Komputer
Forensik (Bid Fiskomfor)
- Bidang Fisika Umum Forensik meliputi Pemeriksaan
sabotasi , berkas kejahatan dan sebagainya.
- Bidang Komputer Forensik meliputi pemeriksaan
suara dan gambar (audio/video), computer dan
telepon genggam (computer dan mobile phones),
dan kejahatan jaringan internet/intranet (cyber
network) dan sebaginya.
- Bidang kebakaran Forensik meliputi pemeriksaan
kebakaran on the spot dan pemeriksaan barang
bukti kebakaran.
 - Bidang Fisika khusus meliputi pemeriksaan bekas
alat/jejak alat (tool mark), pemeriksaan/analisa
kebohongan melalui Lie detection dan voice
detection.
- Bidang instrument Forensik meliputi pemeriksaan
barang bukti dengan dukungan instrument analisis.
 3. Bidang Balistik dan Metallurgi
Forensik (Bid Balmetfor)

- Bidang senjata api dan Peluru Forensik meliputi

pemeriksaan senajata api, selongsong peluru, anak
peluru, peluru, sisa mesium, serta partikel pecahan
logam yang diperikrakan dari senjata api dan peluru.

- Bidang Bahan Peledak Forensik meliputi

pemeriksaan barang bukti bahan peledak komersil
yang di paket/container berbentuk bom serta sumbu
ledak.
 - Bidang Metallurgi Forensik meliputi pemeriksaan
metallurgi umum seperti ; analisa
kerusakan/perpatahan logam, analisa spesifikasi
teknis/struktur logam serta pemalsuan nomor seri
yang dicetak diatas permukaan logam (nomor mesin
dan nomor rangka/chasis, motor atau mobil serta
peralatan cadangan lainnya).
 4. Bidang Dokumen dan Uang Palsu
Forensik (Bid Dokupalfor)

- Bidang dokumentasi Forensik meliputi pemeriksaan; tulisan

tangan , tanda tangan, dan ketik.
- Bidang produk Cetak dan Uang palsu Forensik meliputi
pemeriksaan; bahan cetak, perangko dan uang palsu.
- Bidang Fotografi Forensik meliputi pemeriksaan; mikro dan
makro fotografi.
5. Bidang Narkotika, Psikotropika, dan obat
berbahaya Forensik (Bid Narkobafor)

Bidang ini bertugas melakukan pemeriksaan

narkotika (narkotika bahan alam, bahan sintesa dan
semi sintesa, dan cairan tubuh), psikotropika (bahan
dan sediaan psikotropika), laboratorium illegal
(clandestine labs), bahan psikotropika) dan obat
(bahan kimia obat berbahaya, bahan kimia adiktif,
dan prekursor)