Basic Math
Basic Math
A. BASIC ARITHMETIC
Foundation of modern day life.
Simplest form of mathematics.
Digits
Digits - Name given to place or position of each numeral.
Number Sequence
2. Kinds of numbers
Numbers - Complete units , no fractional parts. (43)
Whole Numbers
May be written in form of words. (forty-three)
3
2. Kinds of numbers (cont)
Decimal
Decimal Numbers
Numbers - Fraction written on one line as whole no.
Position of period determines power of decimal.
4
B. WHOLE NUMBERS
1. Addition
Number Line
Number Line - Shows numerals in order of value
Adding on
Adding on the
the Number
Number Line
Line (2 + 3 = 5)
Adding with
Adding with pictures
pictures
5
1. Addition (cont)
Adding in columns - Uses no equal sign
5 897
+5 + 368
10 1265 Answer is called sum.
Simple Complex
Table of Digits
6
ADDITION PRACTICE EXERCISES
7
2. Subtraction
Number Line - Can show subtraction.
1. a. 6 b. 8 c. 5 d. 9 e. 7
- 3 - 4 - 2 - 5 - 3
3 4 3 4 4
2. a. 11 b. 12 c. 28 d. 33 e. 41
-6 - 4 - 9 - 7 - 8
5 8 19 26 33
3. a. 27 b. 23 c. 86 d. 99 e. 72
- 19 - 14 - 57 - 33 - 65
8 9 29 66 7
9
SUBTRACTION PRACTICE EXERCISES (cont)
6. a. 47 b. 63 c. 47 d. 59
- 38 - 8 - 32 - 48
9 55 15 11
10
3. Checking Addition and Subtraction
Check Addition - Subtract one of added numbers from sum.
Result should produce other added number.
2 5 73
+8 +3 + 48
10 8 121
-8 -3 - 48
2 5 73
Check Three or more #s - Add from bottom to top.
927
318
426
183
927
Check Subtraction - Add subtracted number back.
5 62 103
-4 - 37 - 87
1 25 16
+4 + 37 + 87
5 62 103 11
CHECKING ADDITION & SUBTRACTION PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. a. 6 b. 9 c. 18 d. 109
+8 +5 + 18 + 236
13 14 26 335
2. a. 87 b. 291 c. 367 d. 28
- 87 - 192 - 212 - 5
1 99 55 24
3. a. 34 b. 87 c. 87 d. 21
+ 12 13 13 - 83
46 81 81 104
+ 14 + 14
195 746
4. a. 28 b. 361 c. 2793142
- 16 - 361 - 1361101
22 0 1432141
3. a. 34 b. 195 c. 949 d. 21
+ 12 87 103 + 83
46 13 212 104
- 12 81 439 - 83
34 + 14 + 195 21
195 746
4. a. 28 b. 361 c. 2793142
- 16 - 361 - 1361101
22 0 1432141 # = Right
+ 16 + 361 + 1361101 # = Wrong
38 361 2793242
13
4. Multiplication
In Arithmetic - Indicated by times sign (x).
Learn Times Table
6 x 8 = 48
14
4. Multiplication (cont)
Complex Multiplication - Carry result to next column.
Problem: 48 x 23
+2 +2 +1 +1
48 48 48 48
X 23 X 23 X 23 X 23
4 144 144 144
6 960
1104
Same process is used when multiplying
three or four-digit problems.
15
MULTIPLICATION PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. a. 21 b. 81 c. 64 d. 36
x 4 x 9 x 5 x 3
84 729 320 108
2. a. 87 b. 43 c. 56 d. 99
x7 x 2 x 0 x 6
609 86 0 594
3. a. 24 b. 53 c. 49 d. 55
x 13 x 15 x 26 x 37
312 795 1274 2035
16
MULTIPLICATION PRACTICE EXERCISES (cont)
4. a. 94 b. 99 c. 34 d. 83
x 73 x 27 x 32 x 69
6862 2673 1088 5727
17
5. Division
Finding out how many times a divider goes into a
whole number.
15 5=3 15 3=5
18
5. Division (cont)
Shown
Shown by
by using
using aa straight
straight bar
bar or
or sign.
sign.
48 5040
48 1 times 48 = 48
5 times 48 = 240
240 minus 240 = 0 remainder
So, 5040 divided by 48 = 105 w/no remainder.
Or it can be stated:
48 goes into 5040, 105 times
19
DIVISION PRACTICE EXERCISES
211 62 92
1. a. 48 5040 b. 7 434 c. 9 828
13 310 101
2. a. 9 117 b. 12 3720 c. 10 1010
256 687
3. a. 23 5888 b. 56 38472
98 67
4. a. 98 9604 b. 13 871
50 123
5. a. 50 2500 b. 789 97047
20
DIVISION PRACTICE EXERCISES (cont)
7 9000
6. a. 21 147 b. 3 27000
61 101
7. a. 32 1952 b. 88 8888
67 r 19 858 r 13
8. a. 87 5848 b. 15 12883
12 r 955 22 r 329
9. a. 994 12883 b. 352 8073
21
C. FRACTIONS - A smaller part of a whole number.
Written with one number over the other, divided by a line.
3 11 or 3 11
8 16 8 16
Any number smaller than 1, must be a fraction.
4 = 4 x 6 = 24 or 24
6 6 6
22
CHANGING WHOLE NUMBERS TO FRACTIONS EXERCISES
= 40 x 8 320 or 320
2. 40 to eighths =
8 8 8
4. 27 to thirds = 27 x 3 81 or 81
=
3 3 3
= 12 x 4 48 or 48
5. 12 to fourths =
4 4 4
23
2. Proper and improper fractions.
Proper Fraction - Numerator is smaller number than denominator.
3/4
Improper Fraction - Numerator is greater than or equal to denominator.
15/9
3. Mixed numbers.
Combination of a whole number and a proper fraction.
24 + 7 = 31
8 8 8
24
CHANGING MIXED NUMBERS TO FRACTIONS EXERCISES
1. 4 1/2 = 4x2 =
8
+ 1 = 9
2 2 2 2
8x4 24 3 = 27
2. 8 3/4 =
4
=
4 + 4 4
19 x 16 = 304 7 = 311
3. 19 7/16 =
16 16 + 16 16
7 x 12 = 84 11 = 95
4. 7 11/12 = 12 12 + 12 12
6 x 14 = 84 9 = 93
5. 6 9/14 = 14 14
+ 14 14
5 x 64 = 320 1 = 321
6. 5 1/64 = 64 64 + 64 64
25
5. Changing improper fractions to whole/mixed
numbers.
Change 19/3 into whole/mixed number..
19/3 = 19 3 = 6, remainder 1 = 6 1/3 (a mixed number)
26
6. Reducing Fractions
Reducing - Changing to different terms.
Terms - The name for numerator and denominator of a fraction.
Reducing does not change value of original fraction.
Example: 16 32 =
. . . .
a. 16 . 2 = 8
. b. 8 .. 2 = 4 c. 4 .. 2 = 2 d. 2 .. 2 = 1
32 . 2 = 16 16 . 2= 8 .8 2= 4 4 .2= 2
27
REDUCING TO LOWER/LOWEST TERMS EXERCISES
.
24 . 6 = 4
c. 24 36 to 6ths = 36 .. 6 = 6
12 .. 4 = 3
d. 12 36 to 9ths = 36 .. 4 = 9
30 .. 3 = 10
e. 30 45 to 15ths = 45 .. 3 = 15
16 .. 4 = 4
f. 16
76 to 19ths = 76 .. 4 = 19
28
REDUCING TO LOWER/LOWEST TERMS EXERCISES (cont)
.
3 a. 3 . 3= 1
b. 9 = 9 .. 3 = 3
.
6 6 . 2= 3
c. 64 = a.
64 .. 2 = 32
d. 13 32 = Cannot be reduced.
. . .
e. 32 48 = a. 32 . 2 = 16 b. 16 . 2 = 8 c. 8 . 8= 1
64 .. 2 = 32 32 .. 2 = 16 16 .. 8 = 2
. .
16 16 . 2 = 8 8 . 2= 4
f. 76 = a.
76 .. 2 = 38
b.
38 .. 2 = 19
29
9. Common Denominator
Two or more fractions with the same denominator.
1 2 6 7
8 8 8 8
When denominators are not the same, a common denominator is
found by multiplying each denominator together.
1 3 2 5 5 7 1
6 8 9 12 18 24 36
6 x 8 x 9 x 12 x 18 x 24 x 36 = 80,621,568
30
10. Least Common Denominator (LCD) cont.
To find the LCD, find the lowest prime factors of each denominator.
1 3 2 5 5 7 1
6 8 9 12 18 24 36
2x3 2x2x2 3x3 2x3x2 2x3x3 3x2x2x2 2x2x3x3
2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 24 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 48 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 60
31
11. Reducing to LCD
Reducing to LCD can only be done after the LCD itself is known.
1 3 2 5 5 7 1
6 8 9 12 18 24 36
2x3 2x2x2 3x3 2x3x2 2x3x3 3x2x2x2 2x2x3x3
LCD = 72
Divide the LCD by each of the other denominators, then multiply
both the numerator and denominator of the fraction by that result.
1 3 2 5
6 8 9 12
72 .. 6 = 12 72 .. 8 = 9 72 .. 9 = 8 72 .. 12 = 6
1 x 12 = 12 3 x 9 = 27 2 x 8 = 16 5 x 6 = 30
6 x 12 = 72 8 x 9 = 72 9 x 8 = 72 12 x 6 = 72
32
Reducing to LCD Exercises
Reduce each set of fractions to their LCD.
1 1 1 1 3 4
1 1 7
6 8 12 12 16 24 10 15 20
2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 24 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 48 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 60
. .
24 . 6 = 4 48 . 12 = 4 .
1 1 60 . 10 = 6
3
6 1x4= 4 12 1 x4= 4 10 3 x 6 = 18
6 x 4 = 24 12 x 4 = 48 10 x 6 = 60
. .
24 . 8 = 3 48 . 16 = 3 .
1 1 60 . 15 = 4
4
8 1x3= 3 16 1 x3= 3 15 4 x 4 = 16
8 x 3 = 24 16 x 3 = 48 15 x 4 = 60
. .
24 . 12 = 2 48 . 24 = 2 .
1 1 60 . 20 = 3
7
12 1x2= 2 24 1 x2= 2 20 7 x 3 = 21
12 x 2 = 24 24 x 2 = 48 20 x 3 = 60
33
12. Addition of Fractions
All fractions must have same denominator.
Determine common denominator according to previous process.
Then add fractions.
1 2 3 6 1
4
+ 4 + 4
=
4
= 1 2
34
Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers Exercises
Add the following fractions and mixed numbers, reducing answers to lowest terms.
3 3 2 7
1.
4 + 4
= 2.
5 + 10
=
6
4
= 11 2 4
+ 7
10
=
11
10
10
1
=1 10
9 2
3.
32 + 15
16 = 4. 5 5 + 13 4 =
9 30 39 5+1=6
32 + 32 = 32
15 23
8
7 20
+ 20
= 20
=1 32
3 3
=1 20 + 6 =7 20
35
14. Subtraction of Fractions
Similar to adding, in that a common denominator must be found first.
Then subtract one numerator from the other.
20 14 6
24
- 24
= 24
5 1
To subtract fractions with different denominators: ( 16
- 4
)
Find the LCD...
5 1
16
- 4
2x2x2x2 2x2
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16
Change the fractions to the LCD...
5 4
16
- 16
36
15. Subtraction of Mixed Numbers
Subtract the fractions first. (Determine LCD)
10
2
3 - 412
3 x 2 = 6 (LCD)
Divide the LCD by denominator of each fraction.
.
6 . 3=2 6 .. 2 = 3
Multiply numerator and denominator by their respective numbers.
2 2 = 4 1 3 = 3
x
3 2 6 2 x 3 6
Subtract the fractions.
4 3 = 1
6 - 6 6
37
15. Subtraction of Mixed Numbers (cont)
Borrowing
Subtract the fractions first. (Determine LCD)
1 3
5 16 - 3 8
becomes - 6
1
5 16 3 16
(LCD) = 16
Six-sixteenths cannot be subtracted from one-sixteenth, so
1 unit ( 16 ) is borrowed from the 5 units, leaving 4.
16
4
17
16 - 3 6 16
Subtract the fractions.
17
- 6 = 11
16 16 16
2 1
1.
5 - 1
3
= 4. 33 3 - 15 2 5 =
5
6
15
- 5
15
=1
15
33 15 - 15 615 =
20 6
32 15 - 15 15
= 1714
15
2. 5
8 - 3
12
= 5. 101 - 57 1516 =
1
4
4 15
15
- 6 =9 =3 101 16 - 57 16 =
24 24 24 8
20
100 16 - 57 1516 = 43 516
2
3. 47 5 - 28 13 = 6. 14 3
- 10 5 12 =
4
6 5
47 - 28 = 19 115 9 5 4
15 15 14 12 - 10 12 = 4 12 = 4 13
39
16. MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS
Common denominator not required for multiplication.
3 4
4 X 16
3 4 12
4 X 16 = 64
=
40
17. Multiplying Fractions & Whole/Mixed Numbers
Change to an improper fraction before multiplication.
3
4 X 4
1. First, the whole number (4) is changed to improper fraction.
4
1
3 4 12
4 X 1 = 4
41
18. Cancellation
Makes multiplying fractions easier.
If numerator of one of fractions and denominator of other
fraction can be evenly divided by the same number, they can be
reduced, or cancelled.
Example:
8 X 5 = 18
5
3 16 3 X 16 =
2
1 X 5 = 5
3 2 6
1 1
12 1 X 1 = 1
X 3 =
21 24 7 2 14
7 2
42
Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers Exercises
Multiply the following fraction, whole & mixed numbers.
Reduce to lowest terms.
1. 3 X 4 = 3
4 16 16
2. 26 X 126 = 1
3. 4 = 2 2 4. 9 X 2 = 1 1
5 X 3 5 5 5
3
5. 35 4 1 6. 9 X 3 = 27
4 X 35 = 10 5 50
7. 16 X 7 = 7 8. 2 5 = 10
12 72 3 X 11 33
9. 5 X 7715 = 25 23
43
19. Division of Fractions
Actually done by multiplication, by inverting divisors.
The sign means divided by and the fraction to the
right of the sign is always the divisor.
Example:
3 1 becomes 3 5 = 15 = 3 3
4 5 4 X 4 4
1
20. Division of Fractions and Whole/Mixed Numbers
Whole and mixed numbers must be changed to improper fractions.
Example:
3 316 2 1 becomes 16 X 3 + 3 =
51
16 and 2 X 8 + 1 =
17
8 16 8 8
3 1
51 17 51 8 51 8
16 8 Inverts to
16
X
17 =
16
X
17 = 32 X 1
2 1 1
3 1 3 1 Double
2X 1 = 2 = 1 2 Cancellation
44
Dividing Fractions,Whole/Mixed Numbers Exercises
Divide the following fraction, whole & mixed numbers. Reduce
to lowest terms.
3 =
1. 5
8
3 = 1
1 4 2. 51
16 8 8 12
6
1 = 144 7
3. 18 8 4. 15 12 = 25 57
14 7 =
5.
3 4 2 23
45
D. DECIMAL NUMBERS
1. Decimal System
System of numbers based on ten (10).
Decimal fraction has a denominator of 10, 100, 1000, etc.
Written on one line as a whole number, with a period (decimal
point) in front.
5 = .5 5 5
10 100 = .05 1000 = .005
3 digits
46
2. Reading and Writing Decimals
7
55 100 is written 55.07
Whole Number Decimal Fraction (Hundredths)
Decimal Fraction (Tenths)
77
555 1000 is written 555.077
Whole Number
Decimal Fraction (Thousandths)
Decimal Fraction (Hundredths)
Decimal Fraction (Tenths)
47
2. Reading and Writing Decimals (cont)
Decimals are read to the right of the decimal point.
48
3. Addition of Decimals
.865 0
1.3000 Add zeros to help eliminate errors.
375.0060
71.1357
+ 735.0000 Then, add each column.
1183.3067
49
4. Subtraction of Decimals
Write the numbers so the decimal points are under each other.
Subtract each column same as regular subtraction of whole numbers.
Place decimal point in same column as it appears with each number.
62.1251
Add zeros to help eliminate errors.
- 24.1020
38.0231
Then, subtract each column.
50
5. Multiplication of Decimals
306 952
7 7 2 7 8 0 0 Add zeros to help eliminate errors.
8 0.3 4 7 5 2 Then, add the numbers.
52
6. Division of Decimals
.8 993
137. 4. 1 2 3 . 5. 7 3 0 0
109 92
13 653
12 366
1 2870
1 2366
5040
4122
918 remainder
53
Decimal Number Practice Exercises
WORK ALL 4 SECTIONS (+, , X, )
1. Add the following decimals.
a. .6 + 1.3 + 2.8 = 4.7
b. 72.8 + 164.02 + 174.01 = 410.83
c. 185.7 + 83.02 + 9.013 = 277.733
d. 0.93006 + 0.00850 + 3315.06 + 2.0875 = 3318.08606
2. Subtract the following decimals.
a. 2.0666 - 1.3981 = 0.6685
b. 18.16 - 9.104 = 9.056
c. 1.0224 - .9428 = 0.0796
d. 1.22 - 1.01 = 0.21 g. 1347.008 - 108.134 = 1238.874
55
Decimal Number Practice Exercises
4. Divide the following decimals.
3 0.5 5.7875
a. 1.4 4 2.7 0 b. .8 4.6 3000
517 1.1 1 3 1
c. 1.2 6 2 0.4 d. 6 6.6 7 8 6
10 0
e. 1.1 110.0
56
E. CHANGING FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS
A fraction can be changed to a decimal by dividing the
numerator by the denominator.
3 .75
Change 4 to a decimal. 4 3.0
Decimal Number Practice Exercises
Write the following fractions and mixed numbers as decimals.
a. 6 b. 3 c. 4 d. 1 e. 1
10 5 5 5 2
.6 .6 .8 .2 .5
f. 8 g. 7 h. 15 i. 7 j. 12
20 20 20 25 25
.4 .35 .75 .28 .48
k. 17 l. 49 9 1 15
20 50
m. 1 10 n. 1 25 o. 6 25
.85 .98 1.9 1.04 6.6
57
F. PERCENTAGES
1. Percents
Used to show how many parts of a total are taken out.
Short way of saying by the hundred or hundredths part of the whole.
The symbol % is used to indicate percent.
Often displayed as diagrams.
4/4 = 100%
100 Equal Squares = 100%
1/4 1/4
or
1/4 1/4
25% or 25/100
25/100 = 25%
58
Percents Practice Exercises
Write as a decimal.
1. .35
35% = _________
2. .14
14% = _________
3. .585
58.5% = _________
4. .1745
17.45% = __________
5. .05
5% = _________
Write as a percent.
6. 75
.75 = ______%
7. 40
0.40 = _____%
8. 40
0.4 =_______%
9. .4 = _______%
40
59
Rules For Any Equivalent
To convert a number to its decimal equivalent, multiply by 0.01
Change 6 1/4% to its decimal equivalent.
Change the mixed number to an improper fraction, then divide the
numerator by the denominator.
6 1/4 = 25/4 = 6.25
Now multiply the answer (6.25) times 0.01
6 .25 x 0.01 = 0.0625
16 x .01 = .16
1028 x 0.16 = 164.48
Label answer: 164.48 square inches
60
2. Percentage
Refers to value of any percent of a given number.
First number is called base.
Second number called rate... Refers to percent taken from base.
Third number called percentage.
Rule: The product of the base, times the rate, equals the percentage.
Percentage = Base x Rate or P=BxR
NOTE: Rate must always be in decimal form.
To find the formula for a desired quantity, cover it and the
remaining factors indicate the correct operation.
61
Percents Practice Exercises
1. Determine the rate or amount for each problem A through E for the
values given.
A. B. C. D. E.
3268.5
1875 Square $ 875.00
BASE 2400 lbs 148 feet
gallons inches
PERCENT-
AGE 80% 45% 15% 4 1/2% 19.5%
1920 lbs. 843.75 Gal. 22.2 feet 147.08 sq.in. $170.63
A. B. C. D. E.
2. The labor and material for renovating a building totaled $25,475. Of this amount,
70% went for labor and the balance for materials. Determine: (a) the labor cost,
and (b) the material cost.
a. $17,832.50 (labor) b. $ 7642.50 (materials)
3. 35% of 82 = 28.7 4. 14% of 28 = 4.32
5. Sales tax is 9%. Your purchase is $4.50. How much do you owe? $4.91
6. You have 165 seconds to finish your task. At what point are you 70%
finished? 115.5 seconds
7. You make $14.00 per hour. You receive a 5% cost of living raise. How
much raise per hour did you get? How much per hour are you making
now? $.70 /hr raise Making $14.70 /hr
62
G. APPLYING MATH TO THE REAL WORLD
1. 18 x 12 = 216
2. 240 x 8 = 30
5. 5 x .20 = 1 inch
63
H. METRICS
1. Metrication
Denotes process of changing from English weights and measures
to the Metric system.
U.S. is only major country not using metrics as standard system.
Many industries use metrics and others are changing.
Metric Prefixes:
Kilo = 1000 units
Hecto = 100 units
Deka = 10 units
deci = 0.1 unit (one-tenth of the unit)
centi = 0.01 (one-hundredth of the unit)
milli = 0.001 (one thousandth of the unit)
64
A. Advantages of Metric System
Based on decimal system.
No fractions or mixed numbers
Easier to teach.
Example 1:
Using three pieces of masking tape of the following English measurement lengths:
4 1/8 inches, 7 6/16 inches, and 2 3/4 inches, determine the total length of the tape.
Step 1: Find the least common
denominator (16). This
is done because unequal
fractions cant be added.
Step 2: Convert all fractions to the 4 1/8 = 4 2/16
least common denominator. 7 9/16 = 7 9/16
2 3/4 = 2 12/16
65
b. Advantages of Metric System
Example 2:
Using three pieces of masking tape of the following lengths: 85 mm, 19.4 cm, and
57 mm, determine the total length of the tape.
Step 1: Millimeters and centimeters
cannot be added, so convert
to all mm or cm.
MUCH EASIER
66
2. Metric Abbreviations
Drawings must contain dimensions.
Words like inches, feet, millimeters, & centimeters take too much space.
Abbreviations are necessary.
Metric Abbreviations:
mm = millimeter = one-thousandth of a meter
cm = centimeter = one-hundredth of a meter
Km = Kilometer = one thousand meters
30
12mm
12
76 25
76mm 25mm
67
3. The Metric Scale
Based on decimal system. Easy to read.
Graduated in millimeters and centimeters.
Metric Scales
110mm or 11.0cm
8.35cm or 83.5mm
68
Metric Measurement Practice Exercises
Using a metric scale, measure the lines and record their length.
a. _______
109 mm
b. 81.5 mm
_______
c. 3.1
_______ cm
d. 103 mm
_______
e. 6.3
_______ cm
f. 80.5 mm
_______
g. 10.85 cm
_______
h. 23
_______ mm
i. 91.5 mm
_______
j. 4.25 cm
_______
69
4. Comparisons and Conversions
Manufacturing is global business.
Metrics are everywhere.
Useful to be able to convert.
One Yard: About the length between your nose and the end
of your right hand with your arm extended.
One Meter: About the length between your left ear and the
end of your right hand with your arm extended.
One Inch: About the length between the knuckle and the
end of your index finger.
70
U.S. Customary and Metric Comparisons
Length:
A Kilometer is a little over 1/2 mile - .62 miles to be more precise.
Mile
Kilometer
Weight:
A paper clip weighs about one gram.
71
U.S. Customary and Metric Comparisons
Capacity:
One liter and one quart are approximately the same.
Place Value
Tenths
Prefix
Deka
centi
deci
milli
Kilo
72
Changing to a Smaller Unit
Thousandths
Hundredths
Thousands
15000 milliliters (ml)
15 liters = ________
Hundreds
Count the number of places from the base unit
Tenths
Ones
Tens
to milli. There are 3 places.
centi
deci
milli
Kilo
73
Comparison and Conversion Practice Exercises
1. 1000 ml
1 liter = _______
2. 6
6000 ml = _______ liters
3. 100 mm
10 cm = _______
4. 5.0
500 cm = _______ m
5. 4000 g
4 Kg = _______
6. .055 liters
55 ml = _______
7. 8500 m
8.5 Km = _______
8. 62
6.2 cm = _______ mm
9. .0562 cm
0.562 mm = _______
10. 75 cm = _______
750 mm
74
5. Conversion Factors
Conversion Table for Length
75
5. Conversion Factors
Conversion of Volume
Volume measures the total space occupied by three-dimensional
objects or substances.
Volume of six-sided spaces is calculated as length x width x height.
Volume of spheres and cylinders is more complicated.
Term cubic is used because it is a math function involving 3 factors.
English
1 cubic inch = 1 cubic inch
1 cubic foot = 1728 cubic inches (12 x 12 x 12)
1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet (3 x 3 x 3)
Metric
1 cubic meter = 1,000,000 cubic centimeters (100 x 100 x 100)
1 foot = .305 meters
and
1 meter = 3.28 feet
76
5. Conversion Factors (cont)
Conversion Table for Pressure
77
5. Conversion Factors (cont)
To convert between Celsius and Fahrenheit:
Fahrenheit to Celsius . . . . (oF-32) x 5/9 = oC
78
Metric System Practice Exercises
1. Which one of the following is not a metric measurement?
a. millimeter
b. centimeter
c. square feet
d. cm
79
H. THE CALCULATOR
Functions vary from one manufacturer to the next.
Most have same basic functions.
More advanced scientific models have complicated
applications.
Solar models powered by sunlight or normal indoor
light.
1. Basic Keys:
On/Off Key: Turns calculator on or off. Solar unit will not have off key..
C/AC: Press once ( C ) to clear last entry - Press twice (AC) to clear all functions.
Key: Controls the division function.
X Key: Controls the multiplication function.
- Key: Controls the subtraction function.
+ Key: Controls the addition function.
Key: Controls the square root function.
M+ Key: Adds a number or function to the memory register, to be recalled later.
M- Key: Subtracts number or function from memory register.
MR Key: Memory Recall recalls function stored in register.
MC Key: Memory Clear clears or erases all contents from memory.
% Key: Controls the percentage functions
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2. Calculator Functions:
Cannot give correct answer if given the wrong information or command.
Decimals must be placed properly when entering numbers.
Wrong entries can be cleared by using the C/AC button.
Calculators usually provide a running total.
ADDITION
Add 3, 8, 9, and 14.
In step 8, pressing the + key would have displayed the total. Pressing the
= key stops the running total function and ends the overall calculation.
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Calculator Addition Exercise
Use the calculator to add the following.
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SUBTRACTION
SUBTRACT 25 FROM 187.
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MULTIPLICATION
MULIPLY 342 BY 174.
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DIVISION
DIVIDE 66 BY 12.3
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PERCENTAGES
FIND 1.3% OF 50
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