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Behavior of Hydrogen in A Magnetic Field: Midterm

1) Hydrogen nuclei in the body, when placed in a strong external magnetic field, align with the field and precess at the Larmor frequency, which depends on the magnetic field strength. 2) Applying a radio frequency pulse at the Larmor frequency knocks the hydrogen nuclei out of alignment. As they relax back into alignment, they induce a decaying signal in a receiving coil called the free induction decay. 3) Fourier transformation of the free induction decay produces a spectrum that provides information about tissue characteristics, enabling MRI to generate images of the inside of the body.

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Janice Ecinaj
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174 views35 pages

Behavior of Hydrogen in A Magnetic Field: Midterm

1) Hydrogen nuclei in the body, when placed in a strong external magnetic field, align with the field and precess at the Larmor frequency, which depends on the magnetic field strength. 2) Applying a radio frequency pulse at the Larmor frequency knocks the hydrogen nuclei out of alignment. As they relax back into alignment, they induce a decaying signal in a receiving coil called the free induction decay. 3) Fourier transformation of the free induction decay produces a spectrum that provides information about tissue characteristics, enabling MRI to generate images of the inside of the body.

Uploaded by

Janice Ecinaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Behavior of Hydrogen

in a Magnetic Field
MIDTERM
WHY DO MAGNETIC RESONANCE
IMAGING?
BARIUM

XRAY ANGIOGRAM
CT MRI
Behavior of Hydrogen in a
Magnetic Field
MIDTERM
How does it works?
- Hydrogen nuclei in the patient (protons)
behave like tiny magnets.

- 80% of our body consist of Hydrogen


(Important in MRI)

- Single charged spinning nucleon, the


hydrogen nucleus exhibits relatively
strong magnetism
Figure 1 The small arrows represent
these individual proton magnets

Under normal circumstances these magnetic dipoles


(each has a north and south magnetic poles) are
randomly distributed in the space.

Consequently, if the net magnetic field of a patient


were measured, it would be zero because all the
individual magnets cancel each other out.
Fig. 2 When a strong magnet field is
applied, the patient becomes polarize
When the patient is placed in the presence of a
strong magnetic field, the individual nuclear magnet
dipoles, align with the external magnetic field.

The said patient is said to be polarize and Net


magnetization of the patient has been created when
individual magnetic dipoles align with the field.
- In addition to polarization,
a second phenomenon
occurs when a patient is
placed in a strong
magnetic field.

- This phenomenon can be


understood by considering
the gyroscope.

PRECESSION
Gyroscope
Fig 3
Similarly, if a spinning
magnetic field such as the
magnetic moment of the
proton (hydrogen) is in the
presence of magnetic
field, it will not only spin
but will also precess.
Precession

Is a change in the
orientation of the rotation
axis of a rotating body.
PRECESSION
Precessional
Due to the influence path
of B0, the hydrogen
nucleus wobbles or
precesses (like a
spinning top as it
comes to rest).
B0

The axis of the nucleus


forms a path around Hydrogen
B0 known as the nucleus

precessional path
PRECESSION
The speed at which hydrogen precesses
depends on the strength of B0 and is
termed the precessional frequency

The precessional paths of the individual


hydrogen nucleus is random, or out of
phase
RF Pulse knocks H out of alignment

Hydrogen are knocked out of alignment with a radio


frequency (RF) pulse and relax back into alignment
with magnetic field.

Hydrogen
90o RF
Relaxes
Pulse and Bo
Realigns
Applied in
Magnetic field
H

However, hydrogen does not simply pivot back


into alignment. It precesses!
LARMOUR EQUATION
= B*
W = frequency of precession

B = Static Magnetic Field

Y = Gyromagnetic Ratio

The ff. shows the fundamental equation for MRI. (LE)


Hydrogen has a gyromagnetic ratio of
42.6MHz/T.

if the static magnetic field is 1T and the


gyromagnetic ratio is 42.6MHz/T. What would be
the Precessional Frequency?

Likewise, at the 2 T?

Precessional Frequency is also called the


Larmour Frequency.
Gyromagnetic ratio
It is the ratio of the spin angular momentum of
the proton to its magnetic moment.

It varies with each magnetically active nucleus


and is expressed in units of Megahertz/tesla
(MHz/T)

Gyromagnetic ratio for hydrogen is about 42.56


MHz/T
Table 1
It shows the principal nuclei of biologic interest in MRI.
Medical application of MRI concentrate on hydrogen
because of its relative abundance and gyromagnetic
ratio..

Compared to other nuclei in the body, hydrogen has the


highest sensitivity for producing an MR signal.
Larmour Frequency
It is the frequency at which the hydrogen
precess
Larmor equation
Example:
If
we have an MRI capable of having a
magnetic strength of 1.5 Tesla. What is the
precessional frequency of hydrogen?

Answer:
1.5T x 42.6MHz/T = 63.9MHz
Free Induction Decay
When the patient is placed in the strong magnetic
field, the patient becomes polarized. The proton
magnetic dipoles have aligned with the static
magnetic field.

The arrow represent a vector quantity called net


magnetization the symbol Mz. Represents net
magnetization because it lies along the Z axis.
If a man stand next to a harp and plucks the G-
string of a violin, one of the harps string might
begin to vibrate. That string would be the G-string
the other strings would remain unaffected.
Tacoma narrows suspension
bridge collapse.

RESONANCE
Occurs when an object is exposed to an
oscillating perturbation that has a frequency
close to its own natural frequency of oscillation
Resonance
FIG 4
Placing a patient in a strong magnetic field
polarize the patient and causes each proton to
precess randomly

With net magnetization in the Z direction, not


only are the proton magnetic dipoles aligned,
but each individual proton is precessing at the
larmour frequency.
FIG 5
When the RF signal is pulsed at resonance into
the patient, the individual energy states of each
proton may be changed. This causes enough
protons to flip into the negative Z direction while
still precessing. As a result, the net
magnetization is in the negative Z direction and
precessing.
FIG 6
Precessing net magnetization induces an RF
signal in a receiving antenna. That RF signal is
called a Free Induction Decay
The induced current represents a radio signal
emitted by the patient. This signal is the free
induction decay (FID). The RF antenna
surrounding the patient receives an oscillating
signal that decreases with time.

The signal decreases as each individual proton


flips back until reaches equilibrium
magnetization.

The time required for that signal to relax back to


equilibrium is known as a relaxation time.
Free Induction Decay can be expressed
mathematically as a sinusoidal variation in signal intensity.
If a mathematical operation called Fourier
Transformation (FT) is performed on the FID the result
appears as an NMR spectrum.

Each of the peaks in the NMR spectrum represents one


characteristic of the tissue under investigation.
Precession of Hydrogen
Atoms
Hydrogen are knocked out of alignment with a radio frequency pulse and
process until they are again aligned with the magnetic field.

Larmor frequency () is
proportional to magnetic field
strength:

=B

Movement is analogous to gyroscope movement.

Animation from http://www.e-mri.org


Net Magnetization
Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance
Pickup Coil
Current

Time
Hydrogen is relaxing
back into alignment of
magnetic field.
END.

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