MECH4450 Introduction to Finite

Element Methods

Finite Element Analysis of 2-D Problems

 2-D Discretization

Common 2-D elements:

 2-D Model Problem with Scalar Function
- Heat Conduction
Governing
Equation
T ( x, y ) T ( x, y )
Q( x, y ) 0 in W
x x y y

Weak Form of 2-D Model Problem -----

 2-D Model Problem with Scalar Function
- Heat Conduction

Boundary Conditions
Dirichlet BC: Temperature is prescribed

Natural BC: Norm flux is prescribed

Mixed BC: A linear combination of temperature

and norm flux is prescribed

Heat flux in 2D:

Outward normal flux:

 FEM Implementation of 2-D Heat
Conduction Shape Functions
Step 1: Discretization linear triangular element
T1
T T11 T22 T33

x2 y3 - x3 y2 x3 y1 - x1 y3
( 1 x y) 2
(1 x y)
T2 1 y 2 - y3 y3 - y1
2 Ae x -x 2 Ae x -x
T3 1 3
3 2

x1 y2 - x2 y1
3
(1 x y)
y1 - y2
2 Ae x -x
2 1

Interpolation properties Local support properties

i 1 at ith node i 0 at any point located on the edge

i 0 at other nodes that does not contain the ith node
 FEM Implementation of 2-D Heat
Conduction Shape Functions
linear triangular element area coordinates
T1 x2 y3 - x3 y2
1
(1 x y) A1
y2 - y3
A3 2 Ae x - x Ae
A2 3 2
A1
T2
x3 y1 - x1 y3
T3
2
(1 x y) A2
3 1
y - y
2 Ae x - x Ae
1 3

x1 y2 - x2 y1
3
(1 x y) A3
y1 - y2
2 Ae x - x Ae
2 1

3
2
1
 FEM Implementation of 2-D Heat
Conduction Shape Functions

Requirements of Shape Functions:

Interpolation conditions: takes a unit value at the ith node, and is zero at
all other nodes
Local support conditions: is zero at an edge that does not include the ith
node.
Interelement compatibility conditions: satisfy continuity conditions
between adjacent elements over any element boundary that include the ith
node.
Completeness condition: the interpolation is able to represent exactly any
displacement field which is a polynomial in x and y with the order of the
interpolation function.
Formulation of 2-D 4-Node Rectangular Element
Bi-linear Element
Let u (x ,h ) 1u1 2u2 3u3 4u4

x h x h
1 1 - 1 - 2 1 -
a b a b
xh x h
3 4 1 -
ab ab

Note: The local node numbers should be arranged in a counter-clockwise sense. Otherwise, the area
Of the element would be negative and the stiffness matrix cannot be formed.

1 2 4
3
 FEM Implementation of 2-D Heat
Conduction Element Equation
Weak Form of 2-D Model Problem -----

Assume approximation:

and let w(x,y)= i(x,y) as before, then

j
i j
i

where K ij
dxdy
We

x x y y
 FEM Implementation of 2-D Heat
Conduction Element Equation for Linear
Triangular Element

r2 r r r r
T1 l23 l23 l31 l23 l12
r r r2 r r
[ K ] l23 l31 l31 l31 l12
r r r r
4 Ae r2
l23
l12 l31 l12 l12
T2
T3
is the length vector from the ith node to the jth node

Q1 q1
{ F}
2 - q2
Q
Q q
3 3
Assembly of Stiffness Matrices

,,,,,
 Imposing Boundary Conditions
The meaning of qi: the heat transported through the ith node coming from the normal heat flux
of the two sides that are connected to this node.
3 q1(1) qn(1)1(1) ds n 1
q
(1) (1)
ds n 1
q
(1) (1)
ds n 1 ds
q (1) (1)

3 G1 (1)
h12 (1)
h23 (1)
h31

1
1 n 1
q
(1) (1)
ds n 1 ds
q (1) (1)
Because of the local support
1 (1) (1) property of .
2 h12 h31
2
q2(1) qn(1)2(1) ds n 2
q
(1) (1)
ds n 2
q
(1) (1)
ds n 2 ds
q (1) (1)

G1 (1)
h12 (1)
h23 (1)
h31

n 2
q
(1) (1)
ds n 2 ds
q (1) (1)
Because of the local support
3 (1)
h12 (1)
h23 property of .

1 q3(1) qn(1)3(1) ds n 3
q
(1) (1)
ds n 3
q
(1) (1)
ds n 3 ds
q (1) (1)

G1 (1)
h12 (1)
h23 (1)
h31

2
n 3
q
(1) (1)
ds n 3 ds
q (1) (1)
Because of the local support
(1)
h23 (1)
h31 property of .
 Imposing Boundary Conditions
Consider q2 q q (1)
2
(2)
1
q3 q3(1) q4(2)
q1(2) n 1 ds n 1 ds
(2) (2) (2) (2)
q q
q ds q ds
(1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
q 2 n 2 n 2
( 2) ( 2)
(1)
h12 (1)
h23 h12 h41

q4(2) 4 ds 4 ds
(2) (2) (2) (2)
q q
q ds q ds
(1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
q 3 n 3 n 3 n n
(2) ( 2)
(1)
h23 (1)
h31 h34 h41

Equilibrium of flux: qn(1) (1)

- qn(2) ( 2)
h23 h41

FEM implementation:

n 2 ds - n 1 ds; n 3 ds - n 4 ds
(1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2)
q q q q
(1) (2) (1) (2)
h23 h41 h23 h41

q3 3 ds 4 ds
(1) (1) (2) (2)
q q
q2 n 2 ds n 1 ds
(1) (1) (2) (2)
q q n n
(1) ( 2)
(1)
h12 ( 2)
h12 h31 h34
 Calculating the q Vector
Example:
qn 0
T 293K

qn 1
2-D Steady-State Heat Conduction - Example
A D
AB: qn 0
CD: convection h 50W T 25o C
m C
2 o

DA and BC: T 180 C

o

0.6 m

C
B
0.4 m
Connectivity Table
y

5 1 4 Element Local 1 Local 2 Local 3

1 3
2
1 1 2 3
3
1 2 5 1 3
1 x
1 2
3 5 3 4
 2-D Steady-State Heat Conduction - Example

Element equations:

Global stiffness matrix:

 2-D Steady-State Heat Conduction - Example

Load vector:

Final solution: