BIOLOGY

Chapter 1: pp. 1 - 24
10th Edition

Sylvia S. Mader
A View of Life

PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 1
Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Outline

Defining Life - Emergent Properties

Materials and Energy
Reproduction and Development
Adaptations and Natural Selection

Classification
Organization and Diversity
Natural Selection
2
Outline
Biosphere Organization
Human Population
Biodiversity
The Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis
Data
Conclusion
Scientific Theory

3
Defining Life
Living things:
Comprised of the same chemical elements
e.g. Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Obey the same physical and chemical laws

Living organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or

Multi-cellular).
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of
all living things e.g. plants, animals, and fungus
Cells are produced from preexisting cells
Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital
physiological functions
4
Defining Life
Living organisms can be Microscopic:
Bacteria
Paramecium
Living organisms can be Macroscopic (Multi-cellular):
Snow goose Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Humans

Bacteria Paramecium Morel Sunflower Snow goose

(Bacteria): Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): Royalty-Free Corbis;
(Sunflower): Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): Charles Bush Photography

5
Defining Life
Each level of organization has Emergent Properties

Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules

and Cells) to global (e.g. Community, Ecosystem and
Biosphere)

Each level of organization is more complex than the level

preceding it
Emergent properties:
Interactions between the parts making up the whole

All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry

6
Levels of Biological Organization
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Biosphere
Regions of the Earths crust,
waters, and atmosphere
inhabited by living things

Ecosystem
A community plus
the physical environment

Community
Interacting populations in a
particular area

Population
Organisms of the same
species in a particular area

Organism
An individual; complex
individuals contain organ systems

Organ System
Composed of several organs
working together

Organ
Composed of tissues functioning
together for a specific task

Tissue
A group of cells with a common
structure and function

Cell
The structural and functional
unit of all living things

Molecule
Union of two or more atoms of
the same or different elements

Atom
Smallest unit of an element composed of
electrons, protons, and neutrons

7
Living Things: Acquire & Process Food
Energy required to maintaining organization and
conducting life-sustaining processes
The sun:
Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth
Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar energy to
carry on photosynthesis
Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy (Organic
Molecules)
Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in

an organism.
Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain
boundaries

8
Acquiring Nutrients
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

food

a. d.

e.

b. c. f.
a: Niebrugge Images; b: Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: Charles Bush Photography;
d: Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo

9
Living Things: Respond to Stimuli

Living things interact with the environment and respond to

changes in the environment
Response ensures survival of the organism and it often
results movement
Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar
toward dinner
Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south
Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals
Even leaves of plants follow sun

Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior

10
Living Things: Reproduce and Develop
Organisms live and die

All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued

existence and maintain population

In most multicellular organisms reproduction:

Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization)

Followed by cell division and differentiation

Developmental instructions encoded in genes

Composed of DNA

Long spiral molecule in chromosomes

11
Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.

12
Living Things: Adapt to Change
Adaptation
Any modification that makes an organism more suited
to its way of life
Organisms become modified over long period time
Respond to environmental changes by developing new
adaptations

However, organisms very similar at basic level

Suggests living things descended from same ancestor
Descent with modification - Evolution
Caused by natural selection

13
Evolution, the Unifying Concept
of Biology
Despite diversity, organisms share the same
basic characteristics
Composed of cells organized in a similar manner
Their genes are composed of DNA
Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire
energy

This suggests that they are descended from a

common ancestor

14
Classification

Taxonomy:
Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms
according to certain rules
Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized
evolutionary relationships
Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and
domain
A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level
below it (e.g. class), and fewer species than the one above it
(e.g. kingdom)

15
Levels of Classification

16
Domains
Bacteria
Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes

Archaea
Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes

Extreme aquatic environments

Eukarya
Eukaryotes Familiar organisms

17
Domains

18
Evolutionary Tree of Life
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

BACTERIA

common
ARCHAEA
ancestor
(first cells)

Protists

Photosynthetic
protist

Plants
cell with nucleus

EUKARYA

Fungi

Heterotrophic
Protist
Animals
common ancestor

Past Present
Time

19
Domains: The Archaea
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Prokaryotic cells
of various shapes
Adaptations to
extreme environments
Absorb or
chemosynthesize food
Unique chemical
characteristics

Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon 1.6 m

Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

20
Domains: The Bacteria

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Prokaryotic cells
of various shapes
Adaptations to
all environments
Absorb, photosynthesize,
or chemosynthesize food
Unique chemical
characteristics

Escherichia coli, a bacterium 1.5 m

A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

21
Kingdoms
Archaea Kingdoms still being worked out

Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out

Eukarya
Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

22
Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Protists KINGDOM: Plants

Algae, protozoans,
slime molds, and Certain algae, mosses, ferns,
water molds conifers, and flowering plants
Complex single cell Multicellular, usually with
(sometimes filaments, specialized tissues,
colonies, or even containing complex cells
multicellular) Photosynthesize food
Absorb, photosynthesize,
1 m or ingest food

Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan r

KINGDOM: Fungi KINGDOM: Animals

Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, Sponges, worms, insects,

and ringworms fishes, frogs, turtles,
Mostly multicellular filaments with birds, and mammals
specialized, complex cells Multicellular with
Absorb food1 specialized tissues
containing complex cells
Ingest food

Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom Vulpes, a red fox

(Protist): Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; (Plant): Pat Pendarvis; (Fungi): Rob Planck/Tom
Stack; (Animal): Royalty-Free/Corbis

23
Scientific Names
Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)-
used to assign each organism with two part name
e.g. Homo Sapience
Universal
Latin-based
First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo
Second word is specific epithet of a species within
the genus e.g. Sapience
Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens)
Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E.
Coli

24
Natural Selection
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure.

Deer prefer a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves. Plants with
hairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population.

Generations later, most plants within the population have hairy

leaves, as smooth leaves are selected against.

25
Organization of the Biosphere
Population - Members of a species within
an area
Community - A local collection of
interacting populations
Ecosystem A community plus its
physical environment
How chemicals are cycled and re-used by
organisms
How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top
predators
26
Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

heat

solar
energy

heat

heat

heat

heat

WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH, Chemical cycling

heat
AND DECOMPOSITION Energy flow

27
Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reef
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. Healthy coral reef

1975 Minimal coral death 1985 Some coral death with 1995 Coral bleaching with limited 2004 Coral is black from sedimentation;
no fish present chance of recovery bleaching still evident
b.
a: Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): Dr. Phillip Dustan

28
Human Populations
Humans modify ecosystems
Humans negative impact on ecosystems:
Destroy forest or grassland for agriculture, housing,
industry, etc.
Produce waste and contaminate air, water, etc.

However, humans depend upon healthy

ecosystems for
Food
Medicines
Raw materials
Other ecosystem processes
29
Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the zone of air, land, and water
where organisms exist
Abundance of species estimated about 15 million.

The variability of their genes, and

The ecosystems in which they live

Extinction is:
The death of the last member of a species

Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide

30
The Scientific Method
Scientific method is a standard series of steps in
gaining new knowledge through research.
Begins with observation
Scientists use their five senses e.g. use visual sense to
observe animal behavior
Instruments can extend the range of senses e.g. use
microscope to see microorganisms
Take advantage of prior studies
Hypothesis
A tentative explanation for what was observed
Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to
general

31
The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Observation

New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.

Hypothesis

Input from various

sources is used to formulate
a testable statement.

Experiment/Observations Conclusion

The hypothesis is The results are analyzed,

tested by experiment and the hypothesis is
or further observations. supported or rejected.

Scientific Theory

Many experiments and

observations support a
theory.

Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

32
The Scientific Method: Experimentation
Experimentation
Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis
Designed through deductively reasoning from
general to specific
Often divides subjects into a control group
and an experimental group
Predicts how groups should differ if
hypothesis is valid
If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged
If not, hypothesis is unsupportable

33
The Scientific Method

The results are analyzed and interpreted

Conclusions are what the scientist thinks

caused the results

Findings must be reported in scientific journals

Peers review the findings and the conclusions

Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or

dismiss the published findings

34
The Scientific Method: Results
Results or Data
Observable, objective results from an
experiment
Strength of the data expressed in probabilities
The probability that random variation could
have caused the results
Low probability (less than 5%) is good
Higher probabilities make it difficult to dismiss
random chance as the sole cause of the results
35
Scientific Theory

Scientific Theory:
Joins together two or more related hypotheses

Supported by broad range of observations,

experiments, and data

Scientific Principle / Law:

Widely accepted set of theories

No serious challenges to validity

36
Controlled Experiments
Experimental (Independent) variable
Applied one way to experimental group

Applied a different way to control group

Response (dependent) variable

Variable that is measured to generate data

Expected to yield different results in control

versus experimental group

37
Controlled Experiments
Observations:
Nitrate fertilizers boost grain crops, but may damage
soils by altering its properties

When grain crops are rotated with pigeon pea it adds

natural nitrogen

Hypothesis:
Pigeon pea rotation will boost crop production as much
as nitrates

Pigeon pea rotation will NOT damage soils

38
Root Nodules
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

nodules

Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc.

39
Controlled Experiments

Experimental Design
Control Group
Winter wheat planted in pots without fertilizer
Experimental Groups
1-Winter wheat planted in pots with 45 kg/ha nitrate
2-Winter wheat planted in pots with 90 kg/ha nitrate
3-Winter wheat planted in pots that had grown a
crop of pigeon peas
All groups treated identically except for above

40
Crop Rotation Study
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Control pots Test pots Test pots

no fertilization treatment 90 kg of nitrogen/ha Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

20
Control Pots

Wheat Biomass (grams/pot)

= no fertilization treatment
Test Pots
15 = 45 kg of nitrogen/ha
= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

a. Control pots and test pots Test pots 10

of three types 45 kg of nitrogen/ha

0
year 1 year 2 year 3

b. Results

(All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack

41
Controlled Experiments
Experimental Prediction:
Wheat production following pigeon pea rotation
will be equal or better than following nitrate
fertilizer
Results
45 kg/ha produced slightly better than controls
90 kg/ha produced nearly twice as much as
controls
Pigeon pea rotation did not produce as much
as the controls
42
Controlled Experiments
Conclusion
Research hypothesis was not supported by results
However, research hypothesis was not proven false by
negative results

Revised experiment
Grow wheat in same pots for several generations
Look for soil damage in nitrate pots and improved
production in pigeon pea pots

43
Controlled Experiments
Results
After second year:
Production following nitrates declined
Production following pigeon pea rotation was greatest of all
After third year
Pigeon pea rotation produced 4X as much as controls

Revised conclusions
Research hypothesis supported
Pigeon pea rotation should be recommended over
nitrates

44
A Field Study
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2.0
c. Resident male
attacking a male Approaches to

Approaches per Minute

a. Scientist making observations model near nest male model
1.5

1.0

b. Normal mountain
bluebird nesting 0.5 Approaches to
resident nest 1 female mate
behavior
male nest 2
male 0
bluebird nest first egg hatching
model construction laid of eggs

Stage of Nesting Cycle

female
mate d. Observation of two experimental nests provided data
for graph.

Erica S. Leeds

45
Review
Defining Life - Emergent Properties
Materials and Energy
Reproduction and Development
Adaptations and Natural Selection

Biosphere Organization
Human Population
Biodiversity

Classification
The Scientific Method

46
 BIOLOGY
10th Edition

Sylvia S. Mader
A View of Life

PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 47
Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display