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Discrete-Time Filter Design by Windowing: Quote of The Day

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55 views

Discrete-Time Filter Design by Windowing: Quote of The Day

Uploaded by

daniel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discrete-Time Filter Design by Windowing

Quote of the Day


In mathematics you don't understand things.
You just get used to them.
Johann von Neumann

Content and Figures are from Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e by Oppenheim, Shafer, and Buck, 1999-2000 Prentice Hall
Inc.
Filter Design by Windowing
Simplest way of designing FIR filters
Method is all discrete-time no continuous-time involved
Start with ideal frequency response


Hd e hd ne
j

n
jn
hd n
1

2
Hd e j
e jn
d
Choose ideal frequency response as desired response
Most ideal impulse responses are of infinite length
The easiest way to obtain a causal FIR filter from ideal is

hd n 0 n M
hn
0 else

More generally
1 0 n M
hn hd nwn where wn
0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 2


Windowing in Frequency Domain
Windowed frequency response

H e j
1

2
Hd
e j
W e
j
d
The windowed version is smeared version of desired response

If w[n]=1 for all n, then W(ej) is pulse train with 2 period

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 3


Properties of Windows
Prefer windows that concentrate around DC in frequency
Less smearing, closer approximation
Prefer window that has minimal span in time
Less coefficient in designed filter, computationally efficient
So we want concentration in time and in frequency
Contradictory requirements
Example: Rectangular window
1 e jM1 jM / 2 sinM 1 / 2
e
M
j jn
We e
n0 1 e j sin / 2

Demo

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 4


Rectangular Window
Narrowest main lob
4/(M+1)
Sharpest transitions at
discontinuities in
frequency

Large side lobs


-13 dB
Large oscillation
around discontinuities

Simplest window
possible

1 0nM

wn
0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 5


Bartlett (Triangular) Window
Medium main lob
8/M

Side lobs
-25 dB

Hamming window
performs better

Simple equation

2n / M 0 n M/2

wn 2 2n / M M / 2 n M
0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 6


Hanning Window
Medium main lob
8/M

Side lobs
-31 dB

Hamming window
performs better

Same complexity as
Hamming
1 2n
1 cos 0 n M
wn 2 M
0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 7


Hamming Window
Medium main lob
8/M

Good side lobs


-41 dB

Simpler than Blackman

2n
0.54 0.46 cos 0nM
wn M
0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 8


Blackman Window
Large main lob
12/M

Very good side lobs


-57 dB

Complex equation
2n 4n
0.42 0.5 cos 0.08 cos 0nM
wn M M
0 else

Windows Demo

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 9


Incorporation of Generalized Linear Phase
Windows are designed with linear phase in mind
Symmetric around M/2

wM n 0 n M
wn
0 else
So their Fourier transform are of the form


W e j We e j e jM / 2
where We e j is a real and even

Will keep symmetry properties of the desired impulse response


Assume symmetric desired response
Hd e j He e j e jM / 2
With symmetric window


Ae e j

1

2
He e
j
W e
j
d
Periodic convolution of real functions

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 10


Linear-Phase Lowpass filter
Desired frequency response

e
jM / 2
c
j
Hlp e
0
c
Corresponding impulse
response
sinc n M / 2
hlp n
n M / 2
Desired response is even
symmetric, use symmetric
window
sinc n M / 2
hn wn
n M / 2

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 11


Kaiser Window Filter Design Method
Parameterized equation
forming a set of windows
Parameter to change main-
lob width and side-lob area
trade-off

2

I0 1 n M / 2

M/2
wn 0nM
I0

0 else

I0(.) represents zeroth-order


modified Bessel function of
1st kind

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 12


Determining Kaiser Window Parameters
Given filter specifications Kaiser developed empirical equations
Given the peak approximation error or in dB as A=-20log10
and transition band width s p
The shape parameter should be
0.1102A 8.7 A 50

0.5842A 21 0.07886 A 21 21 A 50
0.4

0 A 21

The filter order M is determined approximately by
A8
M
2.285

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 13


Example: Kaiser Window Design of a Lowpass Filter
Specifications p 0.4, p 0.6, 1 0.01, 2 0.001
Window design methods assume 1 2 0.001
Determine cut-off frequency
Due to the symmetry we can choose it to be c 0.5
Compute
s p 0.2 A 20 log10 60
And Kaiser window parameters
5.653 M 37
Then the impulse response is given as
2
n 18.5
I0 5.653 1
18 .5
hn sin0.5n 18.5
0nM
n 18.5 I0 5.653
0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 14


Example Contd

Approximation Error

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 15


General Frequency Selective Filters
A general multiband impulse response can be written as
Nmb
sin k n M / 2
hmb n G G
n M / 2
k k 1
k 1

Window methods can be applied to multiband filters


Example multiband frequency response
Special cases of
Bandpass
Highpass
Bandstop

Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 16

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