Engineering drawing is the language of engineers.

It is a graphical representation of a real object.

The purpose of a drawing is to define & specify the shape
& size of a particular object by means of lines.

Machine drawing is the art of representation of an object

by systematic lines on a paper.
 Need of standard in Machine Drawing:-
A standard is a set of specification for parts, materials or
processes intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency &
specified quality.
Interchangeability of parts:
Consider a hexagonal bolt M10x40L of any company,
which can easily be interchanged with that of the others.
Easy replacements:
As size relation are specified & limited the components can
be stocked by dealers, thus easy replacement.
 Need of standard in Machine Drawing:-
Reduced stock or inventory:
Easy replacement from dealers reduce in-house inventory.
reduce the inventory carrying costs.
Better efficiency & specified quality:
The indirect guarantee & expertise of the standard is passed
to the user, thus reducing its design costs, with good
assurance of required quality.
 Need of standard in Machine Drawing:-
Mass production of components:
With standardization, mass production of components is
easier. Different components can also be manufactured at
various plants & assembled together without affecting the
assembly.
 Placing of dimension:
1. Aligned system:
In the aligned system the dimension is placed perpendicular
to the dimension line in such way that it may be read from
the bottom edge or the right hand edge of the drawing
sheet.
The dimension should be placed near the middle & above,
but clear the dimension line.
 Placing of dimension:
2. Unidirectional system:
In this system the dimension is placed that they can be read
from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet.
The dimension lines are broken near the middle for
inserting the dimension.
This system mainly used for large drawings. For ex.
Aircrafts , automobiles etc.
 Dimension techniques:
Functional dimension:
A functional dimension is a dimension that is
essential to the function of a part
For ex. The dimension F in a threaded part in a drill
space.
 Dimension techniques:
Non-functional dimension:
Those dimensions, that are not essential for the functional
requirement, but are still required for manufacturing.
For ex. The dimension NF as shown in fig.
 Dimension techniques:
Auxiliary dimension:
It is an additional information given on the drawing. This
dimension does not govern the manufacturing of inspection
of the part.
It is derived from other values.
 Writing a note:-
 Writing a note:-
 Writing a note:-
 Writing a note:-
 Conventional representation of machine
component:-
When a complete drawing of a machine component
involves a lot of time or space, its convention may be
drawn in its place to represent the actual machine
component.
 Conventional representation of gears:-
wheel whose periphery is provided with teeth.

The gears are wheels carrying on the circumference.

The teeth are capable of meshing with each other

while the gears are rotating.
It is used to transmit the power when distance
between two shafts is very small.
 Classification of Gear according to position of
shaft axis :-
Parallel Shaft
1) Spur gear
2) Helical gear
3)Rack and pinion
Intersecting Shaft
Bevel Gear straight and spiral
Non parallel and non intersecting shaft
1) Spiral gear
2)Worm and worm wheel
 Spur Gear
Gear whose axes are parallel and whose teeth are
parallel to the center line of the gear are called spur
gear.
They are used for non intersecting parallel shaft.
 Helical Gear
Used for parallel, non parallel or non intersecting shaft.
Teeth are inclined at some angle to axis of shaft
( helix angle )
Runs quieter as compared to spur gear
Used for high speed transmission
 Helical Gear
 Rack and pinion
Special case of spur gear one gear have infinite
diameter.
Used to transmit rotary motion into reciprocating
motion and vice versa.
The wheel is known as pinion & straight strip is
known as rack.
 Rack and pinion
 Bevel Gear
Used when axes of shaft are intersecting to each
other.
The gear tooth are cut on conical surface of gear disc.
 Worm and Worm Wheel
Used when shaft axes are non intersecting and right
angle to each other.
 Conventional representation of Welds:-
Welding is an effective method of making permanent joints
between two or more metal parts.
Cast iron, steel & its alloy, brass & copper are the metals
that may be welded easily.
When compared to riveting, welding is cheaper, stronger &
simpler to execute at site.
Hence, it is widely used in ship building & structural
fabrication in place of riveting.
Welds are characterized by symbols, which in general is
similar to the shape of the weld.
 Types of welding
Butt welds are welds where two pieces of metal are to
be joined are in the same plane.
 Types of welding
Fillet welding: Fillet welding refers to the process of
joining two pieces of metal together whether they
be perpendicular or at an angle.
 Conventional representation of Springs:-
What is spring:-

A spring is defined as an elastic body, whose function

is to distort when loaded & recover its original shape
when the load is removed.
 Conventional representation of Springs:-
Application of spring:-
 Conventional representation of Springs:-
Types of spring:-
 Conventional representation of Springs:-
Types of spring:-
 Conventional representation of Springs:-
Types of spring:-
 Conventional representation of Springs:-
Types of spring:-
 Conventional representation of Springs:-
Types of spring:-

Disc Spring Applications

Punch and Die Sets
Clutch and Brake Mechanisms in Heavy
Equipment
Bearing Assemblies
Valve Live Loading
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Cylindrical Helical Compression Spring with
circular section
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Cylindrical Helical Compression Spring with square
section
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Conical Helical Compression Spring with circular
section
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Volute Spring
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Cylindrical Helical Tension Spring of Circular section
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Cylindrical Helical Tension Spring of rectangular
section
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Cylindrical Helical Torsion Spring of Circular section
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Belleville Spring or Cup Spring Or Disc Spring
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Multiple Belleville Spring in Series
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Multiple Belleville Spring in Parallel
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Semi Elliptical Leaf Spring
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Semi Elliptical Leaf Spring with eyes
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Semi Elliptical Leaf Spring with center band
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Semi Elliptical Leaf Spring with center band & eyes
 Conventional representations of Springs:-
Spiral springs Spring is close wound and fitted
in a housing
 Tolerance:-
No production process is good enough to produce all items
of products exactly similar.
Every production process involves a combination of three
elements. Men, Machines & Materials.
These variables results in the variation of size of
components.
For example- suppose a drilling operation is to be
performed on castings.
The variations in size of similar components will be within
reasonable limits.
 Tolerance:-
In engineering, manufactured consist of assembly of
no. of component.
A component manufactured is required to fit or match
with some other mating component.
For ex. If a shaft is to be rotate in a hole, there must be
clearance between shaft & hole to allow an oil to
maintained for lubrication.
If the shaft is to be held tightly in the hole there must
be enough degree of tightness between them.
 Tolerance:-
Thus, we conclude that
1. It is not possible to make any part precisely to given
dimension, due to variation of elements of production
process.
2. Even if chance the part is made exactly to a given
dimension, it is impossible to measure it accurately
enough to prove it.
3. If attempts are made to achieve perfect size the cost
of production will increase.
It is obvious that some permissible variation in
dimension has to be allowed.
 Terminology:-
Shaft:- Any external dimension of a component.
Hole:- Any internal dimension of a component.
Basic or Nominal size:- It is standard size of a part
with reference to which the limits of variation of a size
are determined. It is referred to as matter of
convenience.
Zero line:- This is the line which represents the basic
size.
Limits:- These are two extreme permissible sizes for
any dimension.
Tolerance:- The permissible variation in size or
dimension.
 Terminology:-
Fit:- When two components are assemble the relation
resulting from the difference between their sizes before
assembly is called fit.

Allowance:- An intentional difference between the hole

dimension & shaft dimension for any type of fit is called
that allowance.
 The permissible variations in the geometrical
shape of individual objects or orientation or
position w.r.to other objects are called
geometric tolerance.
 Tolerance Zone:- It is an imaginary zone within
which a component must be contained.

Datum:- It is a theoretical point, line or plane from

which dimensions are measured & geometric
tolerances are referenced.

Datum feature:- It is a feature of component like

edge, surface which is taken as the basis for a datum.
 Datum Triangle:- Datum is shown by a triangle on
the datum feature. There are three methods of
representing a datum along with proportion of the
triangle in terms of text height (H)
ASME & BIS standards uses a right angle triangle.
ISO method uses an equilateral triangle.
ANSI represent datum only by an arrow only.
Datum letter:- It is an upper case letter enclosed in
a box to indicate an arbitrary name of a datum. A
leader line is used to connect a frame & the datum
triangle.
 Tolerance symbol:- It is a graphical representation of
a tolerated feature.
Tolerances are divided in the following three categories:-

Single feature tolerances:- straightness, flatness,

circularity, cylindricity, profile of line & profile of a
surface.
Related feature tolerance:- parallelism,
perpendicularity, angularity, concentricity, symmetry &
position.
Runout tolerance:- Circular runout & total runout.
 Tolerances on Single features:-
Straightness:- Straightness of line or surface is the
perpendicular distance between two parallel line
touching the crests & the valleys of the line or surface.
 Tolerances on Single features:-
Flatness:- It is the distance between two imaginary
planes enclosing the actual surface at the lowermost &
uppermost position.
 Tolerances on Single features:-
Circularity:- Any point an a cylindrical surface from the
central axis should be at the same distance.
Tolerance value of the circularity is the difference
between maximum & minimum radii of a cylinder at any
section.
 Tolerances on Single features:-
Cylindricity :- It is the difference in value of radii
between two imaginary cylinders, enveloping cylinders at
outermost & innermost surface.
Variation in the surface of a cylinder along its axis.
 Tolerances on Single features:-
Profile of a line:- Tolerance zone for a line controls the
contour of a curved profile.
The variation lies between the two curves which envelope
the actual curve.
 Tolerances on Single features:-
Profile of a Surface:- Tolerance zone for a profile of a
surfaces is the space between two surfaces of a same
profile which envelop the highest point & the lowest point
of the surface keeping the same profile.
 Tolerances on Related features:-
Parallelism:- A surface which is required parallel to a
datum may not be parallel.
Fig. shows that the top plane which should be parallel to
the base plane but is inclined to it.
 Tolerances on Related features:-
Perpendicular:- Perpendicular tolerance is the zone
between two perpendicular planes to the datum.
It is also called tolerance on squareness.
It is desired to have vertical face at right angles to the
horizontal face.
 Tolerances on Related features:-
Angularity:- Tolerance on angularity is the zone
between two parallel planes inclined to the datum plane
at the specified angle.
Fig. shows that the top plane which should be parallel to
the base plane but is inclined to it.
 Tolerances on Related features:-
Concentricity:- it means that the axes of two coaxial
cylinders are in a line & coincide.
Fig. shows that axes of two cylinder A & B do not
coincide. They are parallel but offset.
 Tolerances on Related features:-
Symmetry:- symmetry means the position of a object is
symmetry in relation to datum.
Fig. shows v-block, the inclined faces or top faces are to
be symmetrical about the central axis.
 Tolerances on Related features:-
Position:- True position of a object is indicated by
boxed dimension as shown in fig.
The actual center of the hole may lie within a tolerance
zone indicated by small circle of dia. 0.1mm.
The hole having its center anywhere within this small
circle is accepted.
 Tolerances on Runout features:-
Circular runout:- it is the deviation from an ideal
shape when a part is rotated by 360 degree.
It could be radial or axial.
It is measured by putting a dial indicator over the part.
The change in its reading noted for one full turn of the
part without changing the axial position of the dial
indicator is the circular runout.
 Tolerances on Runout features:-
Total runout:- it is not a circular runout at one
particular position but dial indicator is moved axially
over the entire surface parallel to the axis of datum while
the part is being turned.
 It is not always possible to get
complete information from
conventional orthographic views.
i.e. FV,TV & SV regarding size &
true shape of the object.
This is particularly important
when the object contains
irregular surface or surface
inclined to principal planes.
The true shape of an inclined
surface can only be obtained by
projecting it on an imaginary
plane.
This imaginary plane is called an
Auxiliary plane & the view
obtained on it is called as
Auxiliary view.
 Types of Auxiliary plane:-
Auxiliary Inclined plane:- It is plane, inclined to HP
& perpendicular to VP.
This plane is taken parallel to the inclined face of which
true shape is required.
The view obtained on this plane is called Auxiliary TV.
 Types of Auxiliary plane:-
Auxiliary Vertical plane:- It is plane, inclined to VP &
perpendicular to HP.
This plane is taken parallel to the inclined face of which
true shape is required.
The view obtained on this plane is called Auxiliary FV.
1. Select the face that is to be drawn as i) a true
surface,
ii) a true length line,
iii) an end view of a line.
2. Draw construction lines perpendicular to the
surface/line/point of interest. This line should go
in a direction, and far enough that leaves enough
space for the view.
3. Draw a folding line at an appropriate distance.
This will act as a reference plane.
4. Transfer distances from another view (adjacent
view). This view will typically be the view adjoining
the view that the auxiliary is drawn from.
5. Complete the view. Draw visible and hidden lines
as seen from the direction of projection lines.