Object Oriented Programming

Concepts
 What is OOP ?
Object Oriented Programming is programming
technique through which we can implement
ideas, concepts, functionality like they are
presented in real life.
 Elements of OOP
Definition of OOP:
Object oriented programming is a
programming methodology that associates
data structures with a set of operators which
act upon it.
 Elements of OOP
Classes
Objects
Encapsulation
Data Abstraction
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Dynamic Binding
Message Passing
Overloading
 Class
Class is a collection of similar objects.

Class
 Classes

Class is core part of OOP.

Entities within a domain.
Entities are those things about which domain
want to store / keep information.
Like if we talk about the domain of University.
then following could be the classes involved in it
Student
MIT
MCS
Employee
Courses
 Class...
Every Entity/Class consist of some properties
and methods.
 Properties
Properties are information that domain want
to save about class like in case of Employee
class in University domain following could be
properties
EmployeeID
Grade
Qualification
 Properties..
Similarly in case of Citizen within domain of
Country could contain following properties.
FirstName
SecondName
NIC
 Functions/Methods

Every class also contain methods that

perform some functionality at its
properties.
Like in case of Employee class we could
required to calculate Salary of employee at
the bases of grade. So we add a function
into Employee class
getSalary
 What is Class
So technical we can say that
Collection of related properties and functions
those operate on the properties are called class.
 Objects
OOP uses objects as its fundamental building
blocks.
Objects are the basic run-time entities in an
object-oriented system.
Every object is associated with data and
functions which define meaningful operations
on that object.
Object is a real world existing entity.
Object is an Instance of a particular class.
 Object
We can say object is representation of class
into memory.
Object is implemented concept of class that
contain all the properties and methods that
class define within itself.
Class can restrict the object to access some of
its functionality or properties through access
modifiers.
 Object and Memory.
Whenever we create a object of any class using
new keyword. JRE allocates a separate memory
space for that object which contains all non-static
properties and functions of that class. object name
contain the reference of that memory area.
We can access properties and Methods by using
object name and a . after it and then property or
function name.
 Object

Operation

Operation Attributes Operation

Operation
 Example: StudentObject

Enroll()

st_name
st_id
Performa Displayinfo()
branch
nce()
semester

Result()
 Encapsulation
Mechanism that associates the code and the
data it manipulates into a single unit and
keeps them safe from external interference
and misuse.
 Encapsulation

Class: student

Attributes: st_name, st_id,

branch, semester

Functions: Enroll()
Displayinfo()
Result()
Performance()
 Data Abstraction
A data abstraction is a simplified view of an
object that includes only features one is
interested in while hides away the
unnecessary details.

Data abstraction becomes an abstract data

type (ADT)or a user-defined type.
 Abstraction
Open the Door.
In above phrase we are not defining how should one open
the door; by pulling or by pushing or by moving upward.
Here functionality of open is abstract. It is not known or
told at time of its definition. This is known as Functional
Abstraction and similarly we are not defining which door,
its structure and its other properties this could be seen as
Data Abstraction.
 Abstraction
If we are defining the class and we do not know the
functionality of some methods but we are certain
these methods should be part of class then we declare
these methods as Abstract methods.
Like Citizen class should contain function getIncomeTax() but
we do not know at this time what will be the functionality
(or body of function) because incomeTax() is related with
income , while a child or unemployed person is also citizen
we cant force this definition to be part of this class. So we
will declare this function as abstract function.
When some other class inherits Citizen class it have to
define functionality of getIncomeTax() method.
 C++ Implementation
class class_name
{
Attributes;//Properties
Operations;//Behaviours
};
 C++ Implementation
class student class stack
{ {
char st_name[30]; int stck[SIZE];
int tos;
char st_id[10];
void init();
char branch[10]; void push(int i);
char semester[10]; int pop();
Void Enroll( ); };
Void Displayinfo( );
Voide Result( );
Void Performance( );
};
 Inheritance
Inheritance is the mechanism to provides the
power of reusability and extendibility.
Inheritance is the process by which one object
can acquire the properties of another object.
Inheritance is the process by which new classes
called derived classes are created from existing
classes called base classes.
Allows the creation of hierarchical classifications.
Inheritance

Point

Line
 Inheritance

Fruit

Orange Mango Banana

 Inheritance

Polygon

Triangle Rectangle
Polygon Inheritance

Triangle RightAngle
Triangle
 Base Class
Base class is a class which defines those
qualities common to all objects to be derived
from the base.

The base class represents the most general

description.

A class that is inherited is referred to as a base

class.
 Derived Class
The classes derived from the base class are
usually referred to as derived classes.

A derived class includes all features of the

generic base class and then adds qualities
specific to the derived class.

The class that does the inheriting is called the

derived class.
 Inheritance
Note:
Derived class can be used as a base class for
another derived class.

In C++, inheritance is achieved by allowing one

class to incorporate another class into its
declaration.
 Polymorphism
Polymorphism means that the same thing can
exist in two forms.

Polymorphism is in short the ability to call

different functions by just using one type of
function call.
Polymorphism

+
 Dynamic Binding
Dynamic Binding is the process of linking of
the code associated with a procedure call at
the run-time.
 Message Passing
The process of invoking an operation on an
object. In response to a message the
corresponding method is executed in the
object.
 Message Passing
StudentObject FacultyObject

Performance

MgmtObject Performance
Result
 Simple C++ Program
// Hello World program comment

#include <iostream.h> Allows access to an I/O

library

int main() {
Starts definition of special function
main()
cout << "Hello World\n";
output (print) a
string
return 0;
Program returns a status
} code (0 means OK)
 Preprocessing

Temporary file
C++ (C++ program) C++
Preprocessor Compiler

Executable
C++ Program Program
 Class Specification
Syntax:
class class_name
{

Data members

Members functions
};
 Class Specification
class Student
{
int st_id; Data Members or Properties of
Student Class
char st_name[];
void read_data(); Members Functions or
Behaviours of Student Class
void print_data();
};
 Class Objects
Object Instantiation:
The process of creating object of the type class
Syntax:
class_name obj_name;
ex: Student st;

St_id, St_name

void read_data( )

void print_data( )
 Class Object
More of Objects
ex: Student st1;
Student st2;
Student st3;
 Class Objects

10,Rama 20, Stephen

void read_data( ) void read_data( )

void print_data( ) void print_data( )

st1 st2
55, Mary

void read_data( )

void print_data( )

st3
 Defining Member Functions
Syntax :(Inside the class definition)
ret_type fun_name(formal parameters)
{
function body
}
 Defining Member Functions
Syntax:(Outside the class definition)
ret_type class_name::fun_name(formal parameters)
{
function body
}
 Data Hiding
Data hiding is the mechanism of
implementation details of a class such a way
that are hidden from the user.

The concept of restricted access led

programmers to write specialized functions
for performing the operations on hidden
members of the class.
 Data Hiding
Read_data()

private:
st_name
Cal_best() st_id Print_data()
branch
semester

Result()
 Data Hiding
The access specifier acts as the key strength
behind the concept of security.

Provides access to only to the member

functions of class. Which prevents
unauthorized access.
 Data Hiding
Advantages:
Makes Maintenance of Application Easier
Improves the Understandability of the
Application
Enhanced Security
 Overloading
Some time we need to perform tasks for different
kind of inputs. For example we need to calculate
salary of employee when we have no house rent
information and some time we need to calculate
salary of employee when we have it. So here we
required separate functions but with same name in
our class.
getSalary()
getSalary(int houserent)
This concept is called overloading.
 Overloading
So technically we define
declaring of functions with same name but different
argument list in same class is called overloading
For overloading functions should be
Same Name
With different number of parameter list or with different
type of parameters.
Just changing the name of parameter does not make
functions overloaded.