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History of Computer

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73 views

History of Computer

xfff

Uploaded by

jane kang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 61

HISTORY OF

COMPUTER
COMPUTER
was originally a job title: it was used to
describe those human beings
(predominantly women) whose job
was to perform the repetitive
calculations required to compute such
things as navigational tables, tide
charts, and planetary positions for
astronomical almanacs.
Counting Tables
A typical computer operation when
computers were people.
ABACUS
can work on addition and subtraction
problems at the speed of a person
equipped with a hand calculator.

the oldest surviving abacus was used


in 300 B.C. by the Babylonians.
A very old abacus
A more modern
abacus

abacus is
really just a
representation
of the human
fingers:
the 5 lower
rings on each
rod represent
the 5 fingers and
the 2 upper rings
represent the 2
hands.
Logarithms & Napier's Bones
1617 Scotsman named John Napier
invented Logarithms, which are a
technology that allows multiplication
to be performed via addition.

also invented the logarithm values


were carved on ivory sticks which are
now called Napier's Bones.
An original set of Napier's A more modern set of
Bones Napier's Bones
Slide Rule
1630 1670

based on Napiers rules for


logarithms
Jacquard Loom
19th century
a Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard

used metal cards with punched holes


to guide weaving process

first stored program - metal cards

first computer manufacturing


Jacquard's Loom showing the
threads and the punched cards
By selecting
particular cards
for Jacquard's
loom you
defined the
woven pattern
This
tapestry
was woven
by a
Jacquard
loom
Charles Babbage - 1792-1871
an English Mechanical Engineer
and Polymath, who originated the
concept of a programmable
computer

considered the father of computer


Difference Engine 1822
- designed to aid in
navigational calculations

- huge calculator, never


finished
Analytical Engine 1833
could store numbers

calculating "mill" used punched metal


cards for instructions

powered by steam!

accurate to six decimal places


Ada Augusta - First Programmer

Worked with Charles Babbage

Programmed Analytical Engine


SIR WILLIAM THOMSON 1872

Invented the TIDE-PREDICTING


MACHINE, which is the first
modern analog computer
Engineer Tommy Flowers 1930s

Working at the Post Office Research


Station in London

Began to explore the possible use of


electronics for the telephone
exchange network
ALAN TURING 1936

A computer scientist who


introduced the Universal Turing
Machine
KONRAD ZUSE 1939
a german engineer who created the
Z2

these device had a low operating


speed, originally using vacuum tubes

one of the earliest examples of an


electromechanical computer
KONRAD ZUSE 1941

Z3 the worlds first working


electromechanical
programmable, fully automatic
digital computer
ZUSE Z1
JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF &
CLIFFORD E. BERRY 1942
from Iowa State University developed
and tested the Atanasoff-Berry
Computer (ABC)

the first automatic digital computer

all-electronic, used about 300 vacuum


tubes with capacitors
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
MAX NEWMAN 1943
build the Colossus

he spent eleven months from early


February 1843

worlds first electronic digital


programmable computer

used a large number of valves (vacuum


tubes)
COLOSSUS in Great Britain
JOHN MAUCHLY & J. PRESPER
ECKERT
from the University of Pennsylvannia

built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical


Integrator and Computer) the first
electronic programmable computer in
the US

faster and flexible


ENIAC
the development and construction lasted
from 1943 to full operation at the end of
1945

the machine was huge, weighing 30 tons,


using 200 kilowatts of electric power and
contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes,
1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands
of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
To reprogram the ENIAC you had to rearrange the
patch cords, and the settings of 3000 switches. To
program a modern computer, you type out a program
with statements like:

Circumference = 3.14 * diameter


After ENIAC and EDVAC came
other computers with humorous
names such as ILLIAC, JOHNNIAC,
and, of course, MANIAC. ILLIAC
was built at the University of Illinois
at Champaign-Urbana
First Computer Bug - 1945
Relay cards carried information

Grace Hopper found an actual moth


stuck to card responsible for a
malfunction

Called it "debugging" a computer


Over the past 50 years, the Electronic
Computer has evolved rapidly.

vacuum tube

integrated circuit

Transistor

Microchip
Vacuum Tubes - 1930 - 1950s
First Generation Electronic Computers
used Vacuum Tubes

Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with


circuits inside.

Vacuum tubes have no air inside of


them, which protects the circuitry.
UNIVAC - 1951
First commercially available computer

sold to censu bureau

"a big pocket calculator

until 1970 was standard computer, but


very expensive
First Transistor
Uses Silicon

developed in 1948

won a Nobel prize

on-off switch

Second Generation Computers used


Transistors, starting in 1956
Integrated Circuits

Third Generation Computers used


Integrated Circuits (chips).

Integrated Circuits are transistors,


resistors, and capacitors integrated
together into a single chip
An integrated circuit ("silicon chip")
which is a small sliver of silicon the size of your
thumbnail.
The First Microprocessor - 1971
The Intel 4004 had 2,250 transistors

four-bit chunks (four 1s or 0s)

108Khz

0.6 Mips (million instructions/sec)

Pentium 133 - 300 Mips

Called "Microchip"
Inside the Intel 4004 Microchip - 2250
Transistors
IBM PC - 1981
IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
First wide-selling personal computer
used in business
8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
4.77 Mhz processing speed
256 K RAM (Random Access Memory)
standard
One or two floppy disk drives
The IBM 7094, a typical mainframe
computer
MITS Altair

was the world's first personal computer


(PC)

Bill Gates harvard freshman, who


write programs to this computer
The Altair 8800, the first PC
Apple Computers
Founded 1977
Apple II released 1977 - widely used
in schools
Macintosh - released in 1984, Motorola
68000 Microchip processor
Macintosh is first commercial
computer with graphical user interface
(GUI) and pointing device (mouse)
1990s: Pentiums and Power
Macs
Early 1990s began penetration of computers into
every niche: every desk, most homes, etc.

Faster, less expensive computers paved way for


this

Windows 95 was first decent GUI for "PCs

Macs became more PC compatible - easy file


transfers

Prices have plummeted


d end.

By: Mam Sanoria

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