Happy plant and not happy

plant

Copyright 2010
Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Twelve 1
 Happy student, not happy
student

Copyright 2010
Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Twelve 2
 The Way to an A
1. Read chapter before lecture
2. Take good notes during lecture, i.e. dont fall asleep
in class. Snoring is distracting
3. Ask specific questions
4. Rewrite notes same day
5. a. Attempt Homework problems with some reference
to notes and text
b. Attempt homework problems without text or notes
c. Attempt additional problems from text
d. Attempt to correctly explain solution to someone

6. Review these problems, and notes prior to quiz and

quiz before exam.
 Advice to future Chemistry students from former Chemistry students

1. Read the book and take good notes. Study and learn from the homework
and quizzes. Prepare to work hard in this class.
2. Don't underestimate the power of homework.
3. Attend each class and take notes. Chemistry is very involved and in order
to understand the next chapter you have to be comfortable with the
previous chapters!
4. Practicing as many textbook problems helps one to understand the
concepts. Flash cards are helpful tools to memorize reactions and
functional groups of organic chemistry. Creating flash cards for quizzes
and exams are helpful in reviewing for the final.
5. Sit in the front =]
6. Study
7. Ask questions if you feel confused about anything.
8. Study
9. Invest time with tutors and other sources than just the book.
10. Don't be afraid to ask questions if you're confused and do the homework

Chapter One 4
Advice to future Chemistry 201 students from former Chemistry 201 students,
continued..

11. Study very, very, very, very, very, very, very hard. Also, DO NOT take a
math class while in chem. It's very hard to balance time between
classes.
12. Make sure to do all the homework and write good flash cards for the
exams and quizzes.
13. Take notes and pay attention and read ahead and do the homework.
14. STUDY, STUDY, STUDY ! =] Pre-read chapters for extra credit =]
15. Dont' take any other heavy load classes along with it. Lots of concepts
which need time to study.
16. DO THE HOMEWORK, MAKE TIME FOR IT
17. Practice, practice, practice the problems. I cannot emphasize enough
how important continuously practicing problems is.
18. Read the lecture a day before the class meets
19. Rewrite notes several times.

Copyright 2010
Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Twelve 5
Chapter 1:

Matter and
Energy

1-6
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 1.1 Matter and Its Classification
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass (air,
gas, any liquid, any solid

Forms of energy are NOT matter. Heat and light, for

example, do not occupy space and have no mass.

Energy and matter are closely related. Matter has energy.

Energy moves matter and makes itself present through
matter

Matter must be classified to manageably study it

1-7
 Activity: Classifying Matter
Look around your classroom.

What objects do you see that are related to chemistry?

If you were asked to classify these objects, what categories

might you use to group similar objects together?

Why group these similar items together? What makes them

similar? What makes other objects different?

1-8
 Composition of Matter

We classify matter so
that we can understand
it better. Matter
One way to classify
matter is as pure
substances or mixtures.

Pure Substances Mixtures

1-9
Chemical Classifications of Matter

Matter anything
that occupies space
and has mass

Pure Substances Mixtures are

have uniform (the composed of two
same) chemical or more pure
composition substances and
throughout and may or may not
from sample to have uniform
sample composition
1-10
 Composition of Matter
Pure Substances:

have the same composition Pure

throughout, Substances
can be further classified as
either elements or
compounds.
Element (oxygen, copper,
Elements Compounds
gold) or compound (salt,
water, sugar)

1-11
 Pure Substances
Have uniform, or the same, chemical composition
throughout and from sample to sample.
Two kinds of pure substances
Elements
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down
into simpler substances even by a chemical reaction.
Elements are separated further into metals and
nonmetals.
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more
elements combined in definite proportions.

1-12
 Elements

An element is a substance that cannot be

broken down into simpler substances even
by a chemical reaction.

All known elements are organized on the

periodic table.

1-13
Figure 1.3

1-14
 Pure Substances

Pure
Substances

Elements Compounds

Metals Nonmetals
1-15
Problem: Classification of Matter

Metal vs. Non-Metal

Electrical conductivity,
Figure 1.4 shininess

1-16
 Compounds
A compound is a pure substance composed of
two or more elements combined chemically in
definite proportions. (sand, water, ethanol)
A compound has properties that are different
from those of its component elements.

Figure 1.5

Mixture of Elements: Iron, Fe, and Sulfur, S

Compound: Iron pyrite, Fe2S3 1-17
 Water, H2O, is a Compound
Water, H2O, can be
broken down by a
chemical process,
known as electrolysis,
to its element H2 and
O2.
The hydrogen (left) and
oxygen (right) can be
seen bubbling to the top
of the tubes.

1-18
 Compounds
Pure sand is the
compound silicon
dioxide, which has the
formula SiO2.
What does the
formula tell us about
the combination of
elements in this
compound?

1-19
Activity: Elements and Compounds

Identify each of the following as an

element or compound.

1. He
2. H2O
3. sodium chloride
4. copper

1-20
 Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more
elements or compounds .
Most substances are mixtures! Sometimes
hard to tell
Mixtures differ from pure compounds in
that their components can be separated by
physical processes.

Examples:
Pencil lead (graphite [carbon], clay)
Salt water (salt, water, other stuff)
Air (nitrogen, oxygen, other gases) 1-21
 Mixtures
Mixtures can be Mixtures
further classified consist of 2 or
as homogeneous more pure
and substances
heterogeneous.

Homogeneous
mixtures have the Homogeneous Heterogeneous
same composition Mixtures Mixtures do
(solutions) - not have
throughout. have uniform uniform
Heterogeneous composition composition
throughout throughout
mixtures do not.
1-22
 Mixtures
Classify each of the following mixtures as
homogeneous or heterogeneous:
Salt water homogeneous*
Lake water homogeneous*
Tap water homogeneous
Air homogeneous*
Brass (an alloy of copper and zinc) homogeneous
Italian salad dressing heterogeneous
Choc chip cookie heterogeneous

*depends on presence or
absence of suspended
solids 1-23
 Classification of Matter

Physical separation techniques: filtering, magnetic separation,

centrifuging, heating/evaporation, distillation, others too
Figure 1.7 1-24
 Representations of Matter
Macroscopic we can see with our eyes
Molecular level a magnification to a level
that shows atoms
Symbolic shorthand using element
symbols

Atom the smallest unit of an element;

represented as single sphere.
Molecule two or more bound atoms

1-25
Molecular-Level Representations of
Matter Copper Atoms

Figure 1.8

1-26
Molecular-Level Representations of
Matter Helium Atoms
Figure 1.9

1-27
Molecular-Level Representations of
Matter water molecules

Figure 1.10

1-28
Different Ways to Represent
Water

Figure 1.12

1-29
 Activity: Molecular-Level
Representations
Does this image
represent atoms or
molecules?

Is this an element,
compound, or
mixture?

Figure 1.11
1-30
 Activity: Classification
Classify each of the following as an
element, compound, or mixture.

Figure from p. 48 1-31

 States (Phases) of Matter

A different way to classify matter is by its

physical state: solid, liquid, or gas.

What are the macroscopic properties of each?

How do the atoms and molecules of solids,

liquids, and gases behave differently?

1-32
States of Matter

1-33
 Activity: States of Matter
How does a solid
differ from a liquid?
How does a gas
differ from a liquid?
How does a solid
differ from a gas?

Figure 1.14

1-34
Gases can be compressed

Figure 1.15

1-35
Water vapor condenses from the
air onto the cold surface of the
glass.

Figure 1.16

1-36
 Symbols Used in Chemistry
Symbols for physical states
are found in parenthesis by the elemental symbol
or chemical formula
designate the physical state

[ex. solid, liquid, gas, aqueous]

1-37
Symbols Used in Chemistry
Name Symbol

helium He(g)

chlorine Cl2(g)

silver Ag(s)
H2O(l) or H2O
water
(s, g)
carbon dioxide CO2(g or s)
methane
CH4(g)
(natural gas)
1-38
Activity: Physical State Symbols

Sodium chloride (or table salt) can be

represented symbolically as NaCl(s).
Describe what symbol NaCl(aq)
represents, and describe what it looks like
on a macroscopic scale.
Describe what NaCl(aq) looks like on a
molecular scale.

1-39
1.2 Physical and Chemical Changes
and Properties of Matter
A physical property is a characteristic that we
can observe without changing the composition
of a substance.

Examples
Color, taste, shape qualitative properties
Odor, texture
Mass
Volume quantitative properties- We will be
Density looking at these physical
Temperature properties in the upcoming slides

1-40
 Quantitative Values
Metric Base Units and Derived Units
Length: meter (m)

Mass: kilogram (kg)

Time: second (s)

Temperature: kelvins (K)

Number of particles: mole (mol)

1-41
 Mass
Mass:
measures the
quantity of matter
is essentially the
same physical
quantity as weight,
with the exception
that weight is bound
by gravity, mass is
not
common units are
grams (g, kg, mg)
1-42
 Mass
We usually measure the
mass of an object by
weighing it on a balance.
The mass of a salt crystal is
about 50 mg.
How many milligrams in a
gram?
The average mass of a
person is about 70 kg. How Figure 1.17. Salt Crystals viewed
many grams are in a through a microscope
kilogram?
1-43
 Conversion
(See Math Toolbox 1.3
& back cover of text)
Prefixes (Table 1.4) Mass measurements
giga- G 109 1 Gg = 109 g
mega- M 106 1 Mg = 106 g
kilo- k 103 1 kg = 103 g
centi- c 102 1 cg = 102 g
milli- m 103 1 mg = 103 g
micro- 106 1 g = 106 g
nano- n 109 1 ng = 109 g
pico- p 1012 1 pg = 1012 g

Mnemonic: Mighty King David Caught Many Male Nuns

1-44
 Conversion
(See Math Toolbox 1.3 & back cover of text)
Prefixes (Table 1.4) Length measurements
giga- G 109 1 Gm = 109 m
mega- M 106 1 Mm = 106 m
kilo- k 103 1 km = 103 m
centi- c 102 1 cm = 102 m
milli- m 103 1 mm = 103 m
micro- 106 1 m = 106 m
nano- n 109 1 nm = 109 m
pico- p 1012 1 pm = 1012 m
1-45
 Activity: Mass Unit Conversions
(See Math Toolbox 1.3)
Convert 12.0 grams to milligrams.

-Use conversion factors, dimensional analysis

-Is there a equivalency between the two units??? Set up to
cancel unneeded units and keep wanted units

Convert 12.0 grams to ounces (1 oz = 28.34 g)

Significant Figures must be kept in mind during

calculations
1-46
 Significant Figures
(See Math Toolbox 1.2)
Sig Figs (SF): Measured numbers with some
reliability
All non-zero digits are significant. (435 g)
Zeros:
Captive 0: Zeros between non-zero digits, ALWAYS
significant. (405 g; 40.5 g)
Leading 0: Zeros leading to first significant digit,
NEVER significant. (0.151 g; 0.00405 g)
Trailing 0: Significant if 0 is right of a sig. digit and
right of a decimal pt. (5.00 g, 0.20 mL, 0.0230 g)
Trailing 0: If a number is >1, the zeros to the right of
the last nonzero digit may or may not be significant.
Use scientific notation to specify (100 or 36,000
ambiguous)
1-47
 Exact numbers

- Counted, not measured: (30 students, 6 faces on a

cube, 3 bananas)
- Are defined: (1 min = 60 seconds, 1inch = 2.54 cm,
12 inches = 1 foot)
- Considered to have infinite number of sig figs,
therefore ignore their sig figs in calculations.

1-48
 Volume
Volume:
amount of space a substance

occupies
can be calculated by
measuring the sides of a
cube or rectangular side,
then multiplying them
Volume = length width height

Common units are

centimeters cubed (cm3),
sometimes called cubic
centimeters.

1-49
 Volume
We can measure the volume of a cube by
measuring the length of one of its sides,
and then cubing the length. If the length of
a side is 2.0 cm, what is the volume of this
cube?

2.0 centimeters

Answer: 8.0 cm3

1-50
 Volume
Volumes of liquids are usually measured in units
of milliliters (mL).
1 mL = 1 cm3 exactly
How many mL in 1 L?

Some 250-mL,
500-mL, and 1-L
containers

Figure 1.18
1-51
 Activity: Volume Unit Conversions

Convert 25.0 mL to L.

Convert 25.0 mL to quarts (1 L = 1.057 qt)

1-52
 Density
Density:
the ratio of the mass
to its volume
units are g/mL
(solids and liquids)
or g/L (gases)
See Table 1.6 for a
listing of densities for
common substances
*Temp and Pressure
dependent
Figure 1.19
1-53
Density

1-54
 Density
The density of a substance is the ratio of its
mass to volume: mass
Density =
volume
If the mass of the cube is 11.2 grams, what is its
density?

2.0 centimeters

1-55
 Density
Which liquid is the most
dense? Which is least
dense?
Compare the density of
the Dead Sea water
and of the person.

Figure 1.19
1-56
Jim Birk
Egg and water density
experiment

1-57
 The cube of gold has a greater mass
than that of aluminum. Which cube has
the greater density? (Volume is same)

Figure 1.20
1-58
Given that these samples of metals
have the same mass, which has the
greater density?
Aluminum

Gold

Still the gold. Its mass is packed in a smaller volume

Figure from p. 20
1-59
 Density = mass/volume
Why is regular soda
more dense?

Figure from p. 20
1-60
Why is ice less dense than liquid
water?

Figure from Example 1.8, p. 21

1-61
 Temperature
a measure of how hot or cold something is relative to
some standard
measured with a thermometer
units are degrees Celsius (C) and kelvins (K)
TK = TC + 273.15
TF = 1.8(TC) + 32

Figure 1.22

1-62
 Changes in physical state
Boiling point Temperature that the substance
changes from a liquid form to a gaseous form
For water: ??

Melting point Temperature that the substance

from a solid form to a liquid form
For water??

1-63
 Changes in physical state
Boiling point Temperature that the substance
changes from a liquid form to a gaseous form
For water: 212oF, 100oC, 373.15 K

Melting point Temperature that the substance

from a solid form to a liquid form
For water: 32F, 0C, 273.15 K

Lowest Possible Temperature:

273.15C, 0.00 K
1-64
 Physical Changes
A physical change is a process that
changes the physical properties of a
substance without changing its chemical
composition. Molecules still connected the
same way, just rearranged.

Ex: whipping egg whites

dissolving sugar or salt in water
Dicing potatoes, veggies
removing iron from sand
1-65
 Physical Changes

Evidence of a physical
change includes:
a change of state

Example: water
changes from a
solid to a gas

Figure 1.24

1-66
 Vaporization or Evaporation

Figure 1.23
1-67
 Activity: Sublimation of Dry Ice
(CO2)
CO2(s) CO2(g)
Draw a molecular-
level representation
for the sublimation of
CO2.

Figure 1.13
1-68
Activity Solution: Sublimation of Dry
Ice (CO2)
CO2(s) CO2(g)

Figure from p. 28

1-69
Physical State Transitions
(know these)

Figure 1.24 1-70

 Chemical Changes
A chemical change is a process where bonds
between atoms are broken and new ones are
made. Also called a chemical reaction

Examples:
Pennies tarnishing

Burning gasoline

Reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form

water
Reaction of sodium metal and chlorine gas
to form table salt.

1-71
 Chemical
Changes

A chemical change Figure 1.25

is a process in which one or more substances are
converted into one or more new substances
Evidence of a chemical change includes:
bubbling

a permanent color change

a sudden change in temperature

1-72
Activity: Physical and Chemical
Changes

1-73
Activity: Physical and Chemical
Changes

1-74
 Activity: Physical vs. Chemical
Changes
Classify each of the following as a physical
or chemical change:
Evaporation of water
Burning of natural gas
Melting a metal
Converting H2 and O2 to H2O

1-75
 1.3 Energy and Energy Changes
Energy
is the capacity to do work or to transfer heat

Two main forms of energy are:

Kinetic energy: the energy of motion

Potential energy: energy possessed by an

object because of its position

Other energies are forms of kinetic and potential

energy (chemical, mechanical, electrical, heat, etc.)

1-76
 Energy and Energy Changes
When chemical or physical changes occur,
energy changes also occur.
Some processes release energy and
some require an energy input.
Examples:
When wood burns with oxygen, energy in the
form of heat is released.
When ammonium nitrate dissolves in water in
a cold pack, energy in the form of heat is
absorbed.
1-77
When hydrogen burns with oxygen, energy
in the form of heat is released.

Figure 1.28

1-78
 Electricity is used to
decompose water into its elements.

Figure 1.2
1-79
Electrical energy is used to run
electric vehicles.

1-80
 Energy
Kinetic energy energy of motion
The kinetic energy of a sample will increase
as temperature is increased.
Potential energy energy possessed by
an object because of its position; stored
energy
As a ball is raised up in the air, its potential
energy increases.
Very reactive substances have high potential
energy.
1-81
Kinetic and Potential Energy

Figure 1.29

1-82
Which pair of molecules has more
kinetic energy?

Figure from p. 49
1-83
Chapter 1 Math Toolboxes:

1.1 Scientific Notation

-- Also called exponential notation
1.2 Significant Figures
1.3 Units and Conversions

1-84
 Math Toolbox 1.1
Scientific Notation
A number written in scientific notation is
expressed as:
C 10n
where C is the coefficient (a number between 1-9)
and n is the exponent (a positive or negative integer)
n is equal to the number of places moved to
obtain C
If the decimal point is moved to the left, then n
is positive.
If the decimal point is moved to the right, then n
is negative.

1-85
 Scientific Notation
Math Toolbox 1.1
Direction
Normal Notation Scientific Notation
Decimal Moved
3245 Left 3.245 103
0.000003245 Right 3.245 106
3,245,000,000 Left 3.245 109
0.0050607 Right 5.0607 103
88 Left 8.8 101
2.45 Neither 2.45 100

1-86
 Scientific Notation Using Your
Calculator
Math Toolbox 1.1
The general approach to enter numbers expressed
in scientific notation into your calculator is:
1. Enter the coefficient, including the decimal point.
2. Press the EE or EXP (depending on your calculator
model) to express the exponent. This button (EE or
EXP) basically stands for 10.
3. Enter the exponent, using the change sign (+/ or
()) to express negative exponents if needed.

1-87
 Activity: Math Toolbox 1.1
Normal Notation Scientific Notation
9,000,000,655.00
0.00000834
1.21
14.82
299,800,000
63

Fill in the above table.

1-88
Activity Solutions: Math Toolbox 1.1
Normal Notation Scientific Notation
9,000,000,655.00 9.00000065500 109
0.00000834 8.34 106
1.21 1.21 100
14.82 1.482 101
299,800,000 2.99800000 108
63 6.3 101

1-89
 Scientific Notation
Math Toolbox 1.1
You will use your calculator to perform
mathematical operations in chemistry. Use these
simple rules for mathematical operations involving
exponents to confirm that your answer makes
sense.
Three operations are most common:
Multiplication

(4.0 106)(1.5 103) = (4.0 1.5) 106+(3)

= 6.0 103
When multiplying numbers in scientific notation,
multiply the coefficients and add the exponents.
1-90
 Scientific Notation
Math Toolbox 1.1
Division
(4.0 102)/(2.0 103) = (4.0/2.0) 10(2)3 = 2.0
105
When dividing numbers in scientific notation, divide
the coefficients and subtract the exponents.
Raising the exponent to a power

(3.0 104)2 = (3.0)2 1042 = 9.0 108

When raising numbers in scientific notation to a
power, raise the coefficient to that power, then
multiply the exponents.
1-91
 Activity: Math Toolbox 1.1

Multiplication and Division of Exponents

1. (6.78 103)(5.55 104) = ___________________

2. (2.99 109) / (4.03 106) = _________________

3. (7 103)4 = _______________________________

1-92
 Activity Solutions: Math Toolbox 1.1

1. (6.78 103)(5.55 104) = 3.76 100

2. (2.99 109) / (4.03 106) = 7.4 104
3. (7 103)4 = 2 1015

1-93
 Math Toolbox 1.2
Precision vs. Accuracy
The precision of a measured number is
the extent of the agreement between repeated
measurements of its value.
If repeated measurements are close in value,
then the number is precise, but not necessarily
accurate.
Accuracy is
the difference between the value of a measured
number and its expected or correct value.
The number is accurate if it is close to its true
value (much like hitting a bulls-eye on a dart
board). 1-94
Precision vs. Accuracy
Math Toolbox 1.2

Figures from p. 38

1-95
 Significant Figures
Math Toolbox 1.2
We need rules to determine the number of
significant figures in a given measurement.
1. All nonzero digits are significant.

Ex. 9.876 cm (4 significant figures)

2. Zeros to the left of the leftmost nonzero
digit (often called leading zeros) are not
significant.
Ex. 0.009876 cm (4 significant figures)

1-96
 Significant Figures (continued)
3. Zeros to the right of the rightmost nonzero digit
(typically called trailing zeros) are significant.
Ex. 9876.000 cm (7 significant figures)
Note: a decimal point is mandatory for #3 to
be true. Otherwise the number of significant
figures is ambiguous.
Ex. 98,760 cm (?? significant figures)
4. Zeros between two nonzero digits are
significant.
Ex. 9.800076 cm (7 significant figures)

1-97
 Activity: Significant Figures
Given number # of significant digits
26
19628.00
0.003416
9 1019
1.2407661 102
Fill in the above table.

1-98
Activity Solutions: Significant Figures

Given number # of significant digits

26 2
19628.00 7
0.003416 4
9 1019 1
1.2407661 102 8

1-99
 Significant Figures (continued)
When performing a calculation, your final answer must
reflect the number of significant figures in the least
accurate (most uncertain) measurement.
The least accurate measurement is expressed differently
depending on the mathematical operation you are
performing.

Multiplication and Division

234.506 cm
4455.9 cm
0.12 cm
1.3 x 105 cm
The least accurate measurement in a multiplication or
division problem is the one with the smallest number of
significant digits overall. Therefore, because the 3rd
measurement has 2 significant digits overall, the final
answer must have 2 significant digits overall.
1-100
 Significant Figures (continued)
Addition and Subtraction

234.5 06 cm
0.1 2 cm
+ 4455.9 cm
4690.5 26 cm
The least accurate measurement in an addition or
subtraction problem is the one with the smallest number
of significant figures to the right of the decimal point.
Therefore, because the 3rd measurement has 1
significant digit to the right of the decimal point, the
answer must have 1 significant digit to the right of the
decimal point.
4690.5 cm

1-101
 Activity: Significant Figures
Calculate the following:
1. 14.6608 + 12.2 + (1.500000 x 102) = ____________________
2. (5.5 108)(4 1010) = _______________________________
6.65 1045

1-102
Activity Solutions: Significant Figures

1. 14.6608 + 12.2 + (1.500000 102) = 176.9

2. (5.5 108)(4 1010) = 3 10-43
6.65 1045

1-103
 Math Toolbox 1.3
Units and Conversions
Unit Symbol Quantity Measurement
is the determination of
meter m length the size of a particular
quantity
kilogram kg mass
Measurements are
second s time defined by both a
quantity (number) and
electric unit.
ampere A
current
Most scientists use SI
kelvin K temperature (from the French for
Systme
amount of Internationale) units
mole mol
substance (see top chart or chart
on pg. 41).
1-104
 Units and Conversions Continued
Prefix Factor Symbol Scientists also use the
metric system to define
giga 109 G base units of measure,
with the understanding
mega 106 M
that a special prefix
kilo 103 k denotes fractions or
multiples of that base
deci 101 d (see chart on left or on p.
centi 102 c 41).
Mnemonic: Mighty King
milli 103 m David Caught Many Male
micro 106 Nuns

nano 109 n
1-105
 Dimensional Analysis
A possible approach to problem solving
involves 4 steps:
1. Decide what the problem is asking for.
2. Decide what relationships exist between the
information given in the problem and the desired
quantity.
3. Set up the problem logically, using the
relationships decided upon in step 2.
4. Check the answer to make sure it makes sense,
both in magnitude and units.
1-106
Dimensional Analysis

Figure from p. 43

1-107
 Activity: Dimensional Analysis
1. How many inches are in 2 kilometers?
[1 in = 2.54 cm; 100 cm = 1 m; 1000 m = 1 km]
2. What is the volume of a 14 lb block of gold?
[1 lb = 453.6 g; densityAu = 19.3 g/cm3]
3. Dan regularly runs a 5-minute mile. How fast is
Dan running in feet per second?
[1 min = 60 s; 1 mile = 1760 yds; 1 yd = 3 ft]

1-108
 Activity Solutions: Dimensional
Analysis
1. How many inches are in 2 kilometers?
[1 in = 2.54 cm; 100 cm = 1 m; 1000 m = 1 km]
First, decide what the problem is asking for: inches.
Next, decide what relationships exist between the
information given and the desired quantity: starting
with 2 km, we can use the conversion factors (in the
brackets) to convert from 2 km to inches.

1000 m 100 cm 1 in
2 km 8 104 in
1 km 1m 2.54 cm

1-109
 Activity Solutions: Dimensional
Analysis
2. What is the volume of a 14 lb block of gold?
[1 lb = 453.6 g; densityAu = 19.3 g/cm3]
First, decide what the problem is asking for: volume.
Next, decide what relationships exist between the
information given and the desired quantity: starting
with 14 lb, we can use the conversion factors (in the
brackets) to convert from 14 lb to volume (cm3).

3
453.6 g 1 cm
14 lbs 3.3 10 cm
2 3

1 lb 19.3 g
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 Activity Solutions: Dimensional
Analysis
3. Dan regularly runs a 5-minute mile. How fast is Dan
running in feet per second?
[1 min = 60 s; 1 mile = 1760 yds; 1 yd = 3 ft]
First, decide what the problem is asking for: feet per
second.
Next, decide what relationships exist between the
information given and the desired quantity: starting with 5
minutes per mile, we can use the conversion factors (in
the brackets) to convert from miles per minute to feet per
second.
1 mile 1 minute 1760 yards 3 ft
2 101 ft/s
5 minutes 60 s 1 mile 1 yd
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