Computer Networks

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An openwork fabric, netting. A system of
interlacing lines, tracks, or channels
Any interconnected system; for example,
a television-broadcasting network.A
system in which a number of independent
computers are linked together to share
data and peripherals, such as hard disks
and printers. A network is a group of
computers that can share information
through their interconnections.
A group of computers and other devices
that are connected by some type of
transmission media
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 Sharing information (or data)
Sharing hardware and software
Centralizing administration and support
Despite the costs of implementation and maintenance,
networks actually return the investment by allowing the
organizations to:
Consolidate (centralise) data storage

Share peripheral devices like printers

Increase internal and external communications

Increase productivity and collaboration

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 A network is made up of the following
components:
Computer systems
(nodes or hosts)
Transmission media
a path for electrical signals between devices
Network interfaces
devices that send and receive electrical signals
Protocols
rules or standards that describe how hosts communicate and
exchange data
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All networks have certain
components, functions, and
features in common
Servers
Clients
Media
Shared data
Shared printers and other
peripherals
Resources
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Several ways to classify networks
Based on Host Role
Peer-to Peer
Client-Server
Centralized
Geography and Size
LAN
MAN
WAN
Participation
Private
Public
Signaling methods
Baseband
Broadband
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 Local Area Network
LANs reside in a small geographic area, like in an
office.
A series of connected LANs, or a LAN connected
across several buildings or offices, is called an
internetwork.
Wide Area Network
A WAN is a group of LANs that are geographically
isolated but connected to form a large internetwork.
When implementing a WAN, remember to provide
local access to user resources to prevent a high rate of
WAN traffic.
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 Private
A LAN or WAN for private individual or group use which may or may
not be secure.
Examples include home and organisation (small business, corporate,
institute, government) networks. Intranets and extranets, although
related to the Internet, are private networks. Both an extranet and
intranet are tightly controlled, and made available only to select
organisations. An extranet is made available to the public (not all)
and an intranet is made available internally.
Public
A large collection of unrelated computers, with each node on the
network having a unique address.
The Internet, for example, is a public network. Because computers
are unrelated and many companies and individuals share the same
communication media, the public network is by nature insecure.

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 Baseband
Baseband signalling allows one
signal at a time on the network
medium (cabling).
Broadband
Broadband signalling divides
the network medium into
multiple channels, allowing
several signals to traverse the
medium at the same time.

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 The hosts provide and consume
network services,
Every computer can
communicate directly with every
other computer
By default, no computer has
more authority than another
Every computer is capable of
sending and receiving
information to and from every
other computer
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 Resources shared in a de-centralised
manner
Shared resources include files and printers
Should be used where nodes less than ten
Files are not stored centrally, e.g.
Morpheus
Allows easy node-to-node
communication
Support is usually part of OS
Sharing of files is responsibility of each
participant
Participants form a Workgroup
Workgroup is assigned a name
important where there are multiple
workgroups (eg dept.s)
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 Advantages
Easy to configure
No requirement for server hardware/software
Users can mange their own resources
No need for a network administrator
Reduce total cost
Disadvantages
Provide a limited number of connections
May slow performance of nodes
Do not allow central management
Do not have a central store of files
Users responsible for managing own resources
Offers very poor security
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 Uses share-level security
Allows password protection of resources
Options are:
Give access to all
Assign a single password and give to all users
who require access to the resource
With share-level security a password can not be
assigned to a single individual it assigned to the
resource (soon everyone knows what the password
is).

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 NICs for each computer
Cable (media) to
connect PCs (options)
A Hub has ports for
connecting the cables
from each computer
Software with the OS
should allow sharing of
files, directories, disks,
printers, scanners, fax
modems etc

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 Research the current situation and
requirement
Employees have little or no network
experience
Use with less than ten nodes
Does not require a server
No Network Manager available
Little concern about security

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 Server:
central computer used to facilitate
communication and resource sharing
between other computers on the
network (called clients)
Client:
Request for network service and
consumes services offered by Server.
Client/server network:
uses a server to enable clients to
share data, data storage space, and
devices
To function as a server, a computer
must be running a network operating
system (NOS)
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 User logon accounts and passwords
can be assigned in one place
Access to multiple shared resources
can be centrally granted to a single
user or groups of users
Problems can be tracked, diagnosed,
and often fixed from one location

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 Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Peer-to-Peer Network
Client Server
Difference between Private & Public
Network
Broadband & Baseband
Hub / Switch
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