Unit 1
Unit 1
Chapter 1: Introduction
What Operating Systems Do
Computer-System Organization
Computer-System Architecture
Operating-System Structure
Operating-System Operations
Process Management
Memory Management
Storage Management
Protection and Security
Distributed Systems
Special-Purpose Systems
Computing Environments
Open-Source Operating Systems
Objectives
To provide a grand tour of the major operating systems components
OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the
computer
Operating System Definition (Cont.)
Only one interrupt is generated per block, rather than the one
interrupt per byte
Storage Structure
Main memory only large storage media that the CPU can access
directly
Random access
Typically volatile
Secondary storage extension of main memory that provides large
nonvolatile storage capacity
File-System management
Files usually organized into directories
Access control on most systems to determine who can access what
OS activities include
Creating and deleting files and directories
Primitives to manipulate files and dirs
Mapping files onto secondary storage
Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage media
Mass-Storage Management
Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in main memory
or data that must be kept for a long period of time
Proper management is of central importance
Entire speed of computer operation hinges on disk subsystem and
its algorithms
OS activities
Free-space management
Storage allocation
Disk scheduling
Some storage need not be fast
Tertiary storage includes optical storage, magnetic tape
Still must be managed by OS or applications
Varies between WORM (write-once, read-many-times) and RW (read-
write)
Performance of Various Levels of Storage