FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF

COMPOSITE CURVED BEAM

USING SPECTRAL ELEMENT
METHOD

Submitted by: BAHARUL HUSSAIN

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
Roll No- 215CE2029 (M.tech) Civil Engineering department
 INTRODUCTION

Laminated anisotropic composite materials are fast replacing the isotropic materials in
various aerospace, automotive, civil, marine and other structures due to several advantages
such as the high strength-to-weight ratio, stiffness-to-weight ratio, and their ability to be
tailored for specific applications by variation of the fiber orientation and stacking sequence.
Laminated composite curved beams act as lightweight load carrying structural members in
many modern structures.
Literature Review:
Author Literature
Davis R. et al. (1972) [1] In Constant curvature beam finite elements for in-plane vibration presented the
formulation of curved beam element of constant curvature based on the exact
differential equations of an infinitesimal element in static equilibrium.

Qatu MS. & Elsharkawy AA (1993) In Vibration of laminated composite arches with deep curvature and arbitrary
[8] boundaries. Presented exact solutions for the title problem for general boundary
conditions. Natural frequencies are obtained using the Ritz method. Accurate
frequencies are obtained for arbitrary boundary conditions.

Khdeir A. , Reddy J. N. (1997) [3] in Free and forced vibration of cross ply laminated composite of shallow
arches, studied for laminated composite beams where the shear deformation and
rotary inertia play a key role in the response. Several higher order shear
deformation theories (HSDT) have been employed for the vibration of
composite curved beam.
Literature Review: (Cont..)
Author Literature
Raveendranath P. et al. (2000) In the paper the transverse shear flexibility based on first-order shear deformation
[5] theory is incorporated. A cubic polynomial is assumed for the transverse displacement
w. The field interpolations for the longitudinal displacement u and section rotation h are
derived using the elemental equilibrium equations.

Tseng Y.P. et al (2000) [6] In-plane vibration of laminated curved beams with variable curvature by dynamic
stiffness analysis. Based on the Timoshenko-type curved beam theory, the free vibration
of composite laminated beams of variable curvature was studied. The effects of shear
deformation and rotary inertia were both considered. By incorporating the dynamic
stiffness method and the series solution, an analytical solution was developed.

Jun L. et al. (2008) [2] Free Vibration of Laminated Composite Circular Arches by Dynamic Stiffness Analysis
used the dynamic stiffness method for studying the vibration characteristics of the
laminated composite shallow circular arches. The exact dynamic stiffness matrix was
formulated from the analytical solutions of the governing differential equations of motion
of the laminated circular arches, based on second-order shear deformation theory.
Literature Review: (Cont..)

Author Literature

Nanda N & Kapuria S (2015) Spectral finite element for wave propagation analysis of laminated composite
[4] curved beams using classical and first order shear deformation theories. studied
on Spectral finite element for wave propagation of laminated composite curved
beams using classical and first order shear deformation theories.
 OBJECTIVES:
The primary objectives of this research work are summarized as follows:

1. To develop a composite circular curved beam element.

2. To develop dynamic stiffness matrix of the composite circular curved beam element by using
Spectral Element Method (SEM).

3. To obtain free vibration of composite circular curved beam with various boundary conditions.

4. To study the wave propagation through the curved beam.

Methodology:

Literature review.
Derivation of Governing equations for in-plane vibration of the circular curved beam.
Derivation of dynamic stiffness matrix.
Develop Matlab Program.
Compare the natural frequencies obtained with the published ones.
PROGRESS DURING REVIEW PERIOD
The Equations Of Motion:
The three governing equations of motion for in-plane vibration of a composite beam can be written as [4]
/
11 + 22 + 1 = 0
/
11 + + 2 2 = 0 (1)

/
22 + 33 + = 0
where

= 11 = =1 1+
1

= 22 =
=1 1 (1 + )


= 33 =
=1 1 (1 + ) 2

denotes the apparent mass of the laminated beam, denotes the apparent first order mass moment of
inertia about an axis perpendicular to the depth of the beam and denotes second moment of inertia about the
same axis mentioned above.
The Stress Resultant:
The stress resultant and the displacement relationships are

/ 11 /
(, ) = 11 + +
13

/ /
(, ) = 13 + 13 + 22 (2)

33 /
(, ) = + 33 + 33

Where

11 = =1 11 / 1+
1

13 = =1 11 / 1+
1

22 = =1 2 11 / 1+
1

33 = =1 11 / 1+
1
The stress -displacement relations(Matrix form):
The equations (2) can be written in the matrix form as
() =
where,

() =

0 11 0 11 0 13
= 33 0 33 0 33 0 (3)
0 13 0 13 0 22

/
= / /
Governing Equations in Spectral Form:
Putting equation (2) in equation in (1) we get the following results

/ /
// 11 // 33 33 33
11 + 22 11
13 + + 1 = 0
2
/ / /
33 // / 11 11 13
11 +
33 33 +
+ 2
+
+ 2 2 = 0 (4)
/
// 13 // 33 /
22 + 33 13 22 + 33 + 33 = 0

The displacement fields are assumed in the spectral forms to be

(, ) (, )
1 1
(, ) = =0 (, ) (5)

(, ) (, )
Governing Equation in Spectral Form:(Cont.)
Using the equations (5) in the equation (4)
11 / 33 33 / 33
11 2 + 22 2 + 11 // + + 13 // + + 1 = 0
2
33 / 11 / 13 /
11 2 + 33 // + 33 / 112 2 + 2 = 0

13 / 33
22 2 + 33 2 + 13 // + + 22 // + 33 / 33 = 0

The above equations can be rewritten neglecting viscous damping and tractive force
11 / 33 33 / 33
11 2 + 22 2 + 11 // + + 13 // + + =0
2
33 / 11 / 11 13 /
11 2 + 33 // + 33 / =0 (6)
2
13 / 33
22 2 + 33 2 + 13 // + + 22 // + 33 / 33 = 0

Finding Wave Number (k):
Assume the general solution of the equations (6) to be

= Where,
= (7)
11 = 2 2 11 2 2 11 33
=
12 = 11 33
13 = 2 2 22 2 2 13 + 33
21 = 11 + 33
Putting Equations (7) in equation (6) we can generate the
following matrix 22 = 2 2 11 11 2 2 33
23 = 13 2 33
31 = 2 22 2 13 + 33
11 12 13 1 0
21 22 23 = 0 32 = 13 + 33
(8)
31 32 33 0 33 = 2 33 2 22 33

Solving equation (8) we get using polyeig command in MATLAB we can find out 6 wave numbers and values of
and .
Evaluating Dynamic Stiffness Matrix:
By using six wavenumbers, we can write the general solution to Equation (6) as
= 6=1
= 6=1 (9)
= 6=1

or we can express these relations as

= ,
= , (10)
= ,
Evaluating Dynamic Stiffness Matrix:(Cont.)
where
, = 1 2 3 4 5 6
and
= [ ]
= ; = 1,2, . . 6
= {1 2 3 4 5 6 }

The degrees of freedoms at the two ends may be written as

1 (0)
1 (0)
(0)
= 1 = (11)
2 ()
2 ()
2 ()
Evaluating Dynamic Stiffness Matrix:(Cont)
Substituting Equation (10) into (11) we get
= (12)

where
(0, )
0, ()
0, ()
=
(, )
,
, ()
or
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 3 4 5 6
= 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
Where = ( = 1,2, . . 6)
Evaluating Stiffness Matrix:(Cont.)
The forces at the two ends may be written as
1 (0)
1 (0)
1 (0)
= = (13)
2 ()
2 ()
2 ()
Using Equation (3) in the equation (13) we get
(0)
= (14)
()
0 = (0)
= ()
Evaluating Stiffness Matrix:(Cont.)
Hence Equation (13) can be rewritten as
= (15)
where
0
=
0

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
= 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6
where = ( = 1,2 .6)
Evaluating Stiffness Matrix:(Cont.)

Substituting Equation (5.29) into the Equation (5.31) eliminating , gives us

= 1
or
=
= 1

where denotes dynamic stiffness matrix of the beam.

Numerical Results:
1. Circular composite curved beam with different boundary conditions::
A circular cross-ply composite with stacking sequence [90/0] and subtended angle = 1 rad is
considered. The material properties of the composite are taken as [4]

12 = 0.52
13 = 0.52
23 = 0.52
= 1580 /3
1
with two values of orthotropic ratio = 1 and 40. The value of 1 is taken as 1 = 1000. The
2
results for the first four non-dimensional frequencies (= 2 121 2 ) are presented in Table 1
for thickness ratios / = 0.1 , 0.2 and 0.25 for different boundary conditions
Numerical Results (Cont..) Table 1: Comparisons of non-dimensional frequencies of a
two-layer (90/0) circular beam with different boundary conditions.
Numerical Results: (Cont..)
2. Circular composite curved beam with clamped boundary conditions and different
subtended angles:

Material properties of composite are taken as [4]

Laminated scheme =[90/0]
1
= 15
2

12 = 13 = 23 = 0.62

=1 , 12 = 21 = 0.25, = 100
3
Fig1: Composite curved beam
Where is the arc length. The lamination scheme used is [0/90]. The value of 1 is taken as [6] 1 = 1000.
(= 2 121 2 ) is presented in Table 2 for
The results for the first non-dimensional frequencies
different subtended angles (/)in radian.
Numerical Results: (Cont..)
Table 2: Comparisons of non-dimensional frequencies of a two-layer (90/0)
circular beam with clamped-clamped boundary condition.

(rad) Present Exact [8]

0.01 10.86 10.86

0.05 14.93 14.94
0.1 23.25 23.26
0.2 29.21 29.31
0.3 29.14 29.23
0.4 29.04 29.13
0.5 28.91 29.01
0.8 28.41 28.51
1 27.98 28.07
2 24.84 24.93
20.37 20.44
Numerical Results: (Cont..)
3.Effect of geometry and stacking sequence:

Material properties of composite are taken as [7]

1
= 40
2

12 = 13 = 23 = 0.62

= 1850 , 12 = 21 = 0.25,
3

Where is the arc length. Different stacking schemes are used. The value of 1 is taken as [6] 1 =
1000. The results for the first non-dimensional frequency (= 2 121 2 ) is presented in
Table 3 for subtended angles 0.02 radian.
Numerical Results: (Cont..)
Table 3: Comparisons of non-dimensional frequencies for different stacking sequences
with simply supported boundary condition.

Antisymmetric Symmetric
Result
[0/90] [0/90]2 [0/90]5 [0/90/0] [0/90]2/0 [0/90]4/0

Present 5.8933 7.9198 8.2442 9.2947 9.03057 8.7732

5
Exact [18] 5.714 7.3546 8.0222 9.1376 8.982 8.7429

Present 6.7966 10.2359 10.9113 13.6995 12.9 12.1883

10
Exact [18] 6.7825 9.9334 10.7908 13.5232 12.8539 12.1567

Present 7.2353 11.6022 12.5553 17.3593 15.8214 14.5675

50
Exact [18] 7.2644 11.613 12.566 17.3555 15.8292 14.5756

Present 7.2564 11.6596 12.6219 17.5267 15.9482 14.6665

100
Exact [18] 7.2757 11.676 13.6351 17.536 15.9595 14.6772
Numerical Results: (Cont..)
Dispersion Relations
If a wave propagates without deformation, then it is called non-dispersive wave. A wave
which gets deformed is called dispersive wave. The dispersive nature of a wave can be
studied by the variations of the wavenumber or group velocities with the frequency.
The plot for non-dimensional wave number vs frequency ( = /2) for tangential, flexural
and mid surface rotation are shown below with different thickness ratios. The material
properties considered for this are

=

= .

= 1850 3

Cross ply composite (0/90/90/0)
 Numerical Results: (Cont..)

Fig2: Wavenumber dispersion relations for a very thin curved beam with = 0.001.

Mid-surface rotation wave is propagating beyond cutoff frequency 8.4194 105 and tangential
wave is propagating beyond 1.716 103 .
 Numerical Results: (Cont..)

Fig3: Wavenumber dispersion relations for a very thin curved beam with = 0.01.

Mid-surface rotation wave is propagating beyond cutoff frequency 8.4194 104 and tangential wave is propagating
beyond 1.716 103 . The tangential wave mode is evanescent over a small frequency band over 0.024-1.716 kHz. For the
frequency band 0-0.024 kHz wavenumber for tangential and mid-surface rotation are complex.
 Numerical Results: (Cont..)

Fig4: Wavenumber dispersion relations for a curved beam with = 0.05.

Mid-surface rotation wave is propagating beyond cutoff frequency 1.6848 104 and tangential wave is propagating
beyond 1.716 103 . The tangential wave mode is evanescent over a small frequency band over 0.13-1.716 kHz. For the
frequency band 0-0.13 kHz wavenumber for tangential and mid-surface rotation are complex.
 Numerical Results: (Cont..)

Fig 5: Wavenumber dispersion relations for a moderately thick curved beam with = 0.1.

Mid-surface rotation wave is propagating beyond cutoff frequency 8.4194 103 and tangential wave is propagating
beyond 1.716 103 . The tangential wave mode is evanescent over a small frequency band over 0.286-1.716 kHz. For
the frequency band 0-0.286 kHz wavenumber for tangential and mid-surface rotation are complex.
Numerical Results: (Cont..)
Dispersion relation with varying orthotropic ratio

Fig 6: Wavenumber dispersion relation with different 1 2 ratio on flexural wave mode
Numerical Results: (Cont..)

Fig 7: Wavenumber dispersion relation with different 1 2 ratio for tangential wave mode
Numerical Results: (Cont..)

Fig 8: Wavenumber dispersion relation with different 1 2 ratio for mid-surface rotational wave mode
Numerical Results: (Cont..)

The variation of wavenumber with respect to frequency having different orthotropic ratios are shown in
the Fig 6, Fig 7 and Fig 8. It is observed that as the orthotropic ratio increases there is no significant
variation in wavenumber for flexural wave mode Fig 6. But for tangential wave mode and mid-surface
rotational wave mode, with increase in orthotropic ratio the wave number increases for a particular
frequency.
 CONCLUSION
The stiffness matrix is a function of frequency. To find the natural frequency need to find the determinant of
the dynamic stiffness matrix and equate it to zero. The values of frequency for which determinant of the
stiffness matrix is equal to zero is taken as one of its natural frequency.

The numerical results obtained above suggests the convergence of the SEM.

For antisymmetric type of stacking sequence with increase in number of lamina bending rigidity increases.
Whereas for symmetric type of stacking sequence bending resistance decreases with increase in number of
lamina.

Flexural wave mode is propagating in nature but tangential and mid-surface rotational waves propagate after
cutoff frequency.

Tangential and mid-surface rotational wave numbers vary with variation of orthotropic ratio considerably.
REFERENCE:
1. Davis R. , Henshell RD., and Warburton GB. . Constant curvature beam finite elements for in-plane
vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 25(4):561576, 1972.
2. Jun L., Hua Hongxing and Shen Rongying Free Vibration of Laminated Composite Circular Arches by
Dynamic Stiffness Analysis Journal of REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES, Vol. 27, No. 8/2008
3. Khdeir A. , Reddy J. N. Free and forced vibration of cross ply laminated composite of shallow arches, Int
Journal of Solids Struct 1997; 34:121734.
4. Nanda N and Kapuria S. Spectral finite element for wave propagation analysis of laminated composite curved
beams using classical and first order shear deformation theories. Composite Structures 132 (2015) 310320.
5. Raveendranath P. , Singh G. , Pradhan B. , Application of coupled polynomial displacement fields to
laminated beam elements,Computers & Structures 78 (2000) 661670.
6. Tseng Y.P. , Huang C.S. and Kao M.S. , In-plane vibration of laminated curved beams with variable curvature
by dynamic stiffness analysis, Composite Structures 50 (2000) 103_114.
7. Q. Lu, C.F. Lu, Exact two-dimensional solutions for in-plane natural frequencies of laminated circular
arches. Journal of Sound and Vibration 318 (2008) 982990
8. Qatu MS., Elsharkawy AA. Vibration of laminated composite arches with deep curvature and arbitrary
boundaries. Computers and Structures 1993;47(2):305-11.