Matlab Training Session 2:

Matrix Operations and Relational

Operators
 Course Outline
Weeks:
1. Introduction to Matlab and its Interface (Jan 13 2009)
2. Fundamentals (Operators)
3. Fundamentals (Flow)
4. Importing Data
5. Functions and M-Files
6. Plotting (2D and 3D)
7. Statistical Tools in Matlab
8. Analysis and Data Structures

Course Website:
http://www.queensu.ca/neurosci/matlab.php
 Week 2 Lecture Outline

Fundamentals of Matlab 1

A. Week 1 Review
B. Matrix Operations:
The empty matrix
Creating multi-dimensional matrices
Manipulating Matrices
Matrix Operations
C. Operators
Relational Operators
 Week 1 Review
Working with Matrices

c = 5.66 or c = [5.66] c is a scalar or a 1 x 1 matrix

x = [ 3.5, 33.22, 24.5 ] x is a row vector or a 1 x 3 matrix
x1 = [ 2
5
3
-1] x1 is column vector or a 4 x 1 matrix
A=[1 2 4
2 -2 2
0 3 5
5 4 9] A is a 4 x 3 matrix
 Week 1 Review
Indexing Matrices

A m x n matrix is defined by the number of m rows and number

of n columns
An individual element of a matrix can be specified with the notation A(i,j)
or Ai,j for the generalized element, or by A(4,1)=5 for a specific element.
Example:
>> A = [1 2 4 5;6 3 8 2] A is a 2 x 4 matrix
>> A(2,1)
Ans 6
 Week 1 Review
Indexing Matrices

Specific elements of any matrix can be overwritten using the

matrix index
Example:
A = [1 2 4 5
6 3 8 2]

>> A(2,1) = 9
Ans
A = [1 2 4 5
9 3 8 2]
 Week 1 Review
Indexing Matrices
A = [1 2 4 5
6 3 8 2]
The colon operator can be used to index a range of elements
>> A(1,1:3)
Ans 1 2 4
 Matrix Indexing Cont..
Indexing Matrices
A = [1 2 4 5
6 3 8 2]

The colon operator can index all rows or columns without setting
an explicit range
>> A(:,3)
Ans 4 8
>> A(2,:)
Ans 6 3 8 2
B. Matrix Operations
 Matrix Operations
Indexing Matrices
An empty or null matrix can be created using square brackets
>> A = [ ]

** TIP: The size and length functions can quickly return the number
of elements and dimensions of a matrix variable
 Matrix Operations
Indexing Matrices
A = [1 2 4 5
6 3 8 2]

The colon operator can can be used to remove entire rows or

columns

>> A(:,3) = [ ]
A = [1 2 5
6 3 2]

>> A(2,:) = [ ]
A = [1 2 5]
 Matrix Operations
Indexing Matrices
A = [1 2 4 5
6 3 8 2]

However individual elements within a matrix cannot be assigned

an empty value

>> A(1,3) = [ ]
??? Subscripted assignment dimension mismatch.
 N Dimensional Matrices
A = [1 2 4 5 B = [5 3 7 9
6 3 8 2] 1 9 9 8]

Multidimensional matrices can be created by concatenating 2-D

matrices together
The cat function concatenates matrices of compatible
dimensions together:

Usage: cat(dimensions, Matrix1, Matrix2)

 N Dimensional Matrices
Examples
A = [1 2 4 5 B = [5 3 7 9
6 3 8 2] 1 9 9 8]

>> C = cat(3,[1,2,4,5;6,3,8,2],[5,3,7,9;1,9,9,8])

>> C = cat(3,A,B)
 Matrix Operations
Scalar Operations
Scalar (single value) calculations can be can performed on
matrices and arrays

Basic Calculation Operators

+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
^ Exponentiation
 Matrix Operations
Scalar Operations
Scalar (single value) calculations can be performed on matrices
and arrays

A = [1 2 4 5 B = [1 C = 5
6 3 8 2] 7
3
3]
Try:
A + 10; A * 5; B / 2; A.^C; A*B
 Matrix Operations
Scalar Operations
Scalar (single value) calculations can be performed on matrices
and arrays

A = [1 2 4 5 B = [1 C = 5
6 3 8 2] 7
3
3]
Try:
A + 10
A*5
B/2
A^C What is happening here?
 Matrix Operations
Matrix Operations
Matrix to matrix calculations can be performed on matrices and
arrays
Addition and Subtraction
Matrix dimensions must be the same or the added/subtracted
value must be scalar

A = [1 2 4 5 B = [1 C = 5 D = [2 4 6 8
6 3 8 2] 7 1 3 5 7]
3
3]
Try:
>>A + B >>A + C >>A + D
 Matrix Operations
Matrix Multiplication

Built in matrix multiplication in Matlab is either:

1. Algebraic dot product

2. Element by element multiplication
 Matrix Operations
The Dot Product

The dot product for two matrices A and B is defined whenever the
number of columns of A are equal to the number of rows of b

A(x1,y1) * B(x2,y2)
 Matrix Operations
The Dot Product

The dot product for two matrices A and B is defined whenever the
number of columns of A are equal to the number of rows of b

A(x1,y1) * B(x2,y2)
 Matrix Operations
The Dot Product

The dot product for two matrices A and B is defined whenever the
number of columns of A are equal to the number of rows of b

A(x1,y1) * B(x2,y2)
 Matrix Operations
The Dot Product

The dot product for two matrices A and B is defined whenever the
number of columns of A are equal to the number of rows of b

A(x1,y1) * B(x2,y2) = C(x1,y2)

 Matrix Operations
The Dot Product

A(x1,y1) * B(x2,y2) = C(x1,y2)

A = [1 2 B = [1 D = [2 2 E = [2 4 3 6]
6 3] 7 2 2]
3
3]
Try:
>>A * D
>>B * E
>>A * B
 Matrix Operations
Element by Element Multiplication
Element by element multiplication of matrices is performed with
the .* operator
Matrices must have identical dimensions

A = [1 2 B = [1 D = [2 2 E = [2 4 3 6]
63] 7 22]
3
3]
>>A .* D
Ans = [ 2 4
12 6]
 Matrix Operations
Matrix Division

Built in matrix division in Matlab is either:

1. Left or right matrix division

2. Element by element division
 Matrix Operations
Left and Right Division

Left and Right division utilizes the / and \ operators

Left (\) division:

X = A\B is a solution to A*X = B
Right (/) division:
X = B/A is a solution to X*A = B

Left division requires A and B have the same number of rows

Right division requires A and B have the same number of
columns
 Matrix Operations
Element by Element Division
Element by element division of matrices is performed with the ./
operator
Matrices must have identical dimensions

A = [1 2 4 5 B = [1 D = [2 2 2 2 E = [2 4 3 6]
6 3 8 2] 7 2 2 2 2]
3
3]
>>A ./ D

Ans = [ 0.5000 1.0000 2.0000 2.5000

3.0000 1.5000 4.0000 1.0000 ]
 Matrix Operations
Element by Element Division

Any division by zero will be returned as a NAN in matlab (not a

number)
Any subsequent operation with a NAN value will return NAN
 Matrix Operations
Matrix Exponents

Built in matrix Exponentiation in Matlab is either:

1. A series of Algebraic dot products

2. Element by element exponentiation

Examples:
A^2 = A * A (Matrix must be square)
A.^2 = A .* A
 Matrix Operations
Shortcut: Transposing Matrices
The transpose of a matrix is the matrix formed by interchanging
the rows and columns of a given matrix

A = [1 2 4 5 B = [1
6 3 8 2] 7
3
3]
>> transpose(A) >> B
A = [1 6 B = [1 7 3 3]
23
48
5 2]
 Matrix Operations
Other handy built in matrix functions Include:

inv() Matrix inverse

det() Matrix determinant
poly() Characteristic Polynomial
kron() Kronecker tensor product
C. Relational Operators
 Relational Operators
Relational operators are used to compare two scaler values or
matrices of equal dimensions

Relational Operators
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
== equal
~= not equal
 Relational Operators
Comparison occurs between pairs of corresponding elements
A 1 or 0 is returned for each comparison indicating TRUE or
FALSE
Matrix dimensions must be equal!

>> 5 == 5
Ans 1
>> 20 >= 15
Ans 1
 Relational Operators
A = [1 2 4 5 B=7 C = [2 2 2 2
6 3 8 2] 2 2 2 2]

Try:
>>A > B
>> A < C
 Relational Operators
The Find Function
The find function is extremely helpful with relational operators
for finding all matrix elements that fit some criteria
A = [1 2 4 5 B=7 C = [2 2 2 2 D = [0 2 0 5 0 2]
6 3 8 2] 2 2 2 2]
The positions of all elements that fit the given criteria are
returned

>> find(D > 0)

The resultant positions can be used as indexes to change these

elements

>> D(find(D>0)) = 10 D = [10 2 10 5 10 2]

 Relational Operators
The Find Function

A = [1 2 4 5 B=7 C = [2 2 2 2 D = [0 2 0 5 0 2]
6 3 8 2] 2 2 2 2]

The find function can also return the row and column indexes of
of matching elements by specifying row and column arguments
>> [x,y] = find(A == 5)

The matching elements will be indexed by (x1,y1), (x2,y2),

>> A(x,y) = 10
A = [ 1 2 4 10
6382 ]
 Getting Help
Help and Documentation
Digital
1. Accessible Help from the Matlab Start Menu
2. Updated online help from the Matlab Mathworks website:
http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/matlab.html
3. Matlab command prompt function lookup
4. Built in Demos
5. Websites
Hard Copy
3. Books, Guides, Reference
The Student Edition of Matlab pub. Mathworks Inc.