Internet Fundamentals
CS 299 Web Programming and Design
Web Essentials
Client: web browsers, used to surf the Web
Server systems: used to supply information to these
browsers
Computer networks: used to support the browser-
server communication
Request document A
document A
Client Server
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Internet v.s. Web
The Internet: a inter-connected computer
networks, linked by wires, cables, wireless
connections, etc.
Web: a collection of interconnected
documents and other resources.
The world wide web (WWW) is accessible via
the Internet, as are many other services
including email, file sharing, etc.
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How does the Internet Work?
Through communication protocols
A communication protocol is a specification
of how communication between two
computers will be carried out
IP (Internet Protocol): defines the packets that carry
blocks of data from one node to another
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User
Datagram Protocol): the protocols by which one host
sends data to another.
Other application protocols: DNS (Domain Name
Service), SMTP (Simple Mail Transmission Protocol),
and FTP (File Transmission Protocol)
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The Internet Protocol (IP)
A key element of IP is IP address, a 32-bit number
The Internet authorities assign ranges of numbers to
different organizations
IP is responsible for moving packet of data from node to
node
A packet contains information such as the data to be
transferred, the source and destination IP addresses,
etc.
Packets are sent through different local network through
gateways
A checksum is created to ensure the correctness of the
data; corrupted packets are discarded
IP-based communication is unreliable
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The Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
TCP is a higher-level protocol that extends IP
to provide additional functionality: reliable
communication
TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data
and to trigger retransmission until the data is
correctly and completely received
Connection
Acknowledgment
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TCP/IP Protocol Suites
HTTP, FTP, Telnet, DNS,
SMTP, etc.
TCP, UDP
IP (IPv4, IPv6)
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The World Wide Web (WWW)
WWW is a system of interlinked, hypertext
documents that runs over the Internet
Two types of software:
Client: a system that wishes to access the
information provided by servers must run client
software (e.g., web browser)
Server: an internet-connected computer that wishes
to provide information to others must run server
software
Client and server applications communicate over the
Internet by following a protocol built on top of
TCP/IP HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP)
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Basics of the WWW
Hypertext: a format of information which
allows one to move from one part of a
document to another or from one document to
another through hyperlinks
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): unique
identifiers used to locate a particular resource
on the network
Markup language: defines the structure and
content of hypertext documents
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Web Client: Browser
Makes HTTP requests on behalf of the user
Reformat the URL entered as a valid HTTP request
Use DNS to convert servers host name to
appropriate IP address
Establish a TCP connection using the IP address
Send HTTP request over the connection and wait for
servers response
Display the document contained in the response
If the document is not a plain-text document but
instead is written in HTML, this involves rendering the
document (positioning text, graphics, creating table
borders, using appropriate fonts, etc.)
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Web Servers
Main functionalities:
Server waits for connect requests
When a connection request is received, the server
creates a new process to handle this connection
The new process establishes the TCP connection and
waits for HTTP requests
The new process invokes software that maps the
requested URL to a resource on the server
If the resource is a file, creates an HTTP response
that contains the file in the body of the response
message
If the resource is a program, runs the program, and
returns the output
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Static Web: HTML/XHTML, CSS
HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language
It is a text file containing small markup tags that tell
the Web browser how to display the page
XHTML stands for eXtensible HyperText
Markup Language
It is identical to HTML 4.01
It is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
It defines how to display HTML elements
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Why Programmability?
Whats the drawback to simple document
model?
Static
Assume that documents are created before they are
requested
What are examples of information that might
be part of web documents that may not be
known before they are requested?
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Client-Side Programmability
Scripting language: a lightweight
programming language
Browser scripting: JavaScript
Designed to add interactivity to HTML pages
Usually embedded into HTML pages
What can a JavaScript Do?
Put dynamic text into an HTML page
React to events
Read and write HTML elements
Validate data before it is submitted to a server
Create cookies
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Server-Side Programmability
The requests cause the response to be
generated
Server scripting:
CGI/Perl: Common Gate Way Interface (*.pl, *.cgi)
PHP: Open source, strong database support (*.php)
ASP: Microsoft product, uses .Net framework (*.asp)
Java via JavaServer Pages (*.jsp)
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CGI
Common Gateway Interface:
CGI provides a way by which a web server can
obtain data from (or send data to) database, and
other programs, and present that data to viewers via
the web.
A CGI program can be written in any programming
language, but Perl is one of the most popular
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Whats Ahead?
HTML, XHTML
CSS
Simple client-side interactivity (JavaScript)
Simple server-side interactivity (CGI/Perl)
We will not teach these languages
We will provide an overview of the basics, and
learn how to use the web resources to help
build a web page
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