OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION

AND RELIEF VALVES

Process Training School 2004/5

 TimeTable

Introduction
Causes of Overpressure
Calculation of Relief Loads
Relief Valve Sizing
Types of Relief Valves
Relief Valve Installation
Questionnaire
 What is Pressure Relief?
A pressure relief device is a SAFETY device designed to protect
pressurised systems during an overpressure event.

overpressure event refers to any condition which would cause the

system pressure to increase beyond the specified design pressure or
maximum allowable working pressure.

Safety devices are used to protect the equipment, and the lives of
personnel, by removing excess volume from the system safely to prevent
overpressure.

Safety Relief valves are the ULTIMATE protection (last device remaining to
prevent a catastrophic failure).

As safety valves have to be reliable, there are many codes and standards
written to control their design and application.
 Codes, Standards & Practices
ASME Boiler & Pressure vessel Code
( American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
ASME code provides specific rules re overpressure protection &
design/ set pressures.
Sec I Power Boilers
Sec VIII Pressure Vessels
B31.1 Power piping & B31.3 Process Piping

API American Petroleum Institute

-API have worked to standardise the ratings and sizes of PRVs
-Developed a series of standard inlet, orifice size, and outlet
combinations that are used throughout the industry which are
represented by 14 standard letters from D (smallest) to T (largest)
-J orifice is 1.287 in2. This is the area used in API calcs to calculate
the flow through this orifice.
 Codes, Standards & Practices
API American Petroleum Institute

-API 520- Sizing, selection & installation of Pressure Relieving

devices
Part I sizing & selection
Part II Installation

-API 521- Guide for pressure relieving & depressurising systems

-API 526 Flanged steel PRVs
-API 527 Seat tightness of PRVs
-API 2000 Venting atmospheric & low pressure storage tanks

MWKL standards
overpressure protection & vent philosophy P50-ID-01 (formally
M50-1D)
 Overpressure protection requirements
Establish required location of RVs

Establish all overpressure causes

Specify the Relief Valve set pressure

Establish the relief load for each overpressure cause.

Size the relief valve for the determining case & select relief valve.

Size the relief valve discharge system to determine the

backpressure.

Check the relief valve is sized correctly for the backpressure.

Size the inlet line.

Document reasoning and design and complete RV calculation

sheets.
 Establish Location of Relief Valves
All equipment items must be protected from potential overpressure
or vacuum scenarios.

A single pressure relief device can protect more than one piece of
equipment.

Double jeopardy ( simultaneous occurrence of 2 or more

UNRELATED events) is not generally considered.

Control Response & automatic startup of equipment are NOT

substitutes for Relief Valves.

Consider Human Error

Flowrates not directly affected by the upset situation are considered

to remain the same.

Fire cases- consider the equipment to be blocked in.

 Principal Causes of Overpressure
External Fire
Blocked Outlet
Automatic Control Failure
Exchanger Tube Rupture
Thermal Expansion of blocked in Fluid
Human Error
Fractionation Tower Reflux Failure
Utility Failures
Abnormal Heat or Vapour Input
Accidental Mixing of Fluids
Check Valve Malfunction
Liquid Overfill of Storage vessels
Chemical Reactions
Accumulation of Condensibles
Vacuum Relief
Multiple Failures- cascading related failures
 External Fire
Fire is considered even if vessel contents are not flammable, if
there is the potential for a pool fire to occur around the vessel.

Radiant Heat causes liquid to boil and the vapour to expand.

Assume vessels are blocked in and isolated.

ASME equipment must be protected from fire unless fire can be

specifically ruled out.

In general piping is not protected, however if 2 vessels are

protected by the same relief valve, then the interconnecting piping
is considered.

All equipment surfaces contained in the 70ft dia x 25ft high fire
circle are considered to be engulfed in a single fire.
 Allowable Capacity Credits

No fire relief protection is required if the possibility of a pool fire can

be eliminated by sloping and proper drainage.

If elevated equipment is above open grating instead of concrete, no

relief protection is required.

Air coolers above 25ft do not require fire protection.

API code allows capacity credit for insulation, however Kellogg do

not generally as insulation degrades with time and can be damaged
by fire hose water impact.

Equipment that can only be shut-in during maintenance, may not

need fire relief as long as adequate controls are in place to ensure
the equipment is vented and drained immediately when removed
from service.

Credit for automatic fire water spray ( deluge system) is only allowed
for offsite storage as per NFPA.
 FIRE RELIEF LOADS
Liquid Vaporisation

25ft

Heat Absorbed( BTU/hr)

Q= 21000 F A 0.82 F= environmental factor

1.0 default with no fireproofing insulation
0.3 if credit for insulation is taken.
A= wetted surface area ( ft2)

Relief Rate ( lb/hr)

W=Q/L W= relief rate (lb/hr)
Q= heat input ( BTU/hr)
L= Latent heat of fluid ( BTU/lb)
 Blocked Outlet
Blocked Outlet examples
Inadvertent valve closing by operator
Instrument Failure
Mechanical valve failure
Utility Failure (ie loss of instrument air)

Results in source pressure exceeding downstream pressure.

Locked Open( LO) or Car Sealed Open ( CSO) valves can be used
to avoid blocked outlet if agreed with client.
 Blocked Outlet- Example 1
PV-001
PSV1 PSV2

V
2
DP=10barg DP=5barg
V1 V2

L1 L2

PSV2 relief rate is based on the wide open flow rate throughPV001 (or the
bypass) at maximum operating pressure of V1 upstream.
Get the 100% CV for the valve from instruments group for control valve, and CV
for bypass valve from piping.
 Blocked Outlet Example 2

PSV1
V
1

P1 E1
In this case the Pump( P1) shut in pressure exceeds the design pressure
of the exchanger E1, therefore in the event of a blocked outlet we need
to protect exchanger E1.

The relieving rate is calculated from the pump curves.

- Use PSV1 relieving pressure as pump discharge pressure
- Use Maximum suction pressure as pump suction pressure
- Calculate pump head , and read off pump capacity at this head
for relief rate.
 Automatic Control Failure
An automatic controller can fail due to:

- Instrument air failure

- Loss of signal ie wiring failure
- Mechanical malfunction of the valve
- DCS hardware/ software failure
- Improper manual operation by console operator.

Both open and closed position of control valve must be evaluated

Credit can be taken for flow paths that are normally open and not affected
by the failure to reduce relieving rate.
 Automatic Control Failure- Example 1
PIC PY

PT PV-001
PSV1 PSV2

V2

V1 V2

L1 L2
PV-001 fails open
Rate PSV2 = Max. flow through PV- 001( or bypass) Norm flow V2 Norm flow L2

PV-001 fails closed

Evaluate the consequences of blocked outlet for PSV 1
 Automatic Control Failure- Example 2
PSV1

LC
V1
PSV2 V2

L2

P1 LV-001
E1

LV-001 fails open

Evaluate the liquid overfill consequences for vessel V2
LV-001 fails closed
Evaluate the blocked outlet condition for vessel exchanger E1 based through
PSV2
 Exchanger Tube Rupture
Tubes of shell & tube exchangers can fail due to thermal shock, mechanical
vibration, corrosion etc.

Relief protection from tube rupture is NOT required if the low pressure side
DP is at least 2/3rds of the high pressure side DP

Designing to the 2/3rds rule does not mean that tube rupture cant happen,
so the connecting equipment still needs to be evaluated for this case.

If the 2/3rds rule is not met, then a relief valve is required. Credit is
normally taken for the low pressure side outlet line being clear.
 Calculation of Relief Load from Tube Rupture.
Vapour
W1- Flow through tube sheet orifice ( lb/hr)
W1 = 1154 * d2 * P
d= tube id ( in)

W2- Flow through one tube

W2 = 288.4 * P1 * d2 * 1- P22

Wt = 2 * W2 or W1 + W2
Calculation of Relief Load from Tube Rupture.

LIQUIDS

Wt = 2 * 1343 * d2 * P

d = tube id ( in)
= density ( lb/ ft3)
P = HP side normal operating pressure (psia) - LP side max relieving
pressure (psia)
 Exchanger Tube Rupture Example

PSV1
Set @ 60 psig
E4

V5

DP= 60psia T5 Steam

E5

E-5 tube side design pressure= 300psig

E-5 shell side design pressure= 200psig
PSV-001 must be evaluated for tube rupture even though E5 is designed as
per the 2/3rds rule
 Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion relief is required for liquid filled equipment and piping
that can be blocked in and heated by
Solar radiation (sun)
Hot side of exchanger
Heat tracing

Generally provide TSVs for long sections of OSBL piping, and the cold side
of shell & tube exchangers.

When calculating set pressures use 10% overpressure for equipment and
33% overpressure for piping.

If isolation valves are LO/ CSO and the client agrees, then TSV can be
eliminated if the client procedures are adequate to ensure that the
exchanger can not be blocked in.
 Thermal Expansion
Calculate Relief Rate

GPM = ( * H ) / ( 500 * Sg * Cp )

= Co-efficient of thermal expansion

0.0004- 0.0009 for HC
0.0001 for water
H = Heat Flux ( BTU/hr)
For exchangers use the max heating duty
For solar radiation use 300 BTU / hr / ft2
Sg = Specific Gravity
Cp = Specific Heat Capacity of Liquid ( BTU/lb-F)

Generally we dont calculate this and as a standard at MWKL we provide

x 1 relief valves for Thermal Expansion.
 Fractionation Tower Reflux Failure
Causes of Reflux failure
- reflux pump failure ( power / mechanical failure)
- overhead condenser failure ( cooling water failure)
- reflux control valve failure
- overhead condenser flooded
- accumulation of non condensibles
- operator error closing block valves

Generally use 2nd Tray Vapours as relieving rate on loss of reflux.

Other Tower Failures

Loss of Cold Feed
Excess Heat to Reboilers
- Relieve additional vapours generated by the excess heat.

Credit can be taken for suppressed vaporisation in the reboiler at relieving

pressure. This can substantially reduce the relieving rate if the difference
between operating and design pressures is large.
 Utility Failures
Instrument Air Failure

- All valves will fail to their specified safe position ( FO / FC )

- Individual valve scenarios are considered during control valve failure
- The impact on the flare of all control valves going to a fail safe position
needs to be evaluated.

Electric Power Failure

-All electric power driven equipment stops

-Consider single equipment failures for sizing individual relief valves
-Consider plant wide failure for sizing the flare system.
-Credit, of 25% duty, is normally taken for the natural draft through an air
cooler.
 Utility Failures
Steam Failure

-All steam turbine driven equipment stops

-Possible loss of heat to reboilers & exchangers
-Loss of motive steam to eductors & ejectors
-Loss of live stripping steam to columns
-Loss of steam tracing

Cooling Water Failure

-Individual C/W failure if valves are closed upstream of equipment

-Plant wide C/W failure if the cooling water pumps fail
-Loss of cooling water to condensers will result in loss of reflux in columns
-Loss of cooling water to lube oil coolers on compressors will result in a
compressor trip.
 Other Relief Scenarios
Abnormal Heat or Vapour Input

-excess steam input to reboilers

-excess fuel firing to heaters
-excess heat to hot side of exchanger

Accidental Mixing of Fluids

-accidental mixing of a hot stream with a volatile liquid.

-accidental mixing of 2 reactive fluids
-entry of water into hot oil systems.

Liquid Overfill of Storage vessels

-liquid continues to be pumped in when outflow has stopped

-liquid inflow exceeds outflow
-overfilling from an offsite pump during startup and inventorying.
 Other Relief Scenarios
Human Error

-Inadvertent opening/ closing of block valves

-Panic responses result in the wrong action being taken
-Wrong interpretation of multiple alarms activated simultaneously.

Chemical Reactions

-Exothermic reactions can run away

-Inadvertent mixing of 2 reactive streams
-water or cleaning solutions left in vessels during startup
-decomposition or polymerization due to abnormal heat input

Accumulation of Non condensibles

-can lead to failure of condensing in condensers.

 Vacuum (External Pressure) Relief
Equipment that could potentially be exposed to vacuum conditions is
designed to withstand vacuum

Causes of vacuum

-Fluid withdrawal with inlet blocked.

-Excessive condensation in column overhead condenser.
-Condensation of vapours due to atmospheric pressure drop.
-Suction side of compressor blocked.
-Condensing side of exchanger blocked in whilst cooling side continues.

Before installing a vacuum relief valve, make sure that there are no adverse
consequences of allowing air to mix with the vessel contents.
Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
API Std 2000 applies for protection of atmospheric storage tanks.

Fire relief is required unless the tank has a collapsible roof.

Refer to API std 2000 for calculation of fire relief load. Dont apply the API
520 fire equation to the entire tank surface area as fire doesnt normally
engulf the entire tank.

PVRVs are required for normal and emergency venting.

Inbreathing (vacuum relief)
-Max product outflow at no inflow
-contraction of vapours due to atms temp drop
-failure of N2 blanket valve closed

Outbreathing (Pressure relief)

-max product inflow at no outflow
-expansion of vapours due to atms temp rise
-failure of N2 blanket wide open

Sizing is done by vendor capacity curves.

 Multiple Failures
Cascading Failures
-One failure leads to another ie
Cooling water pumps are power driven, therefore you also lose cooling
water in the event of a power failure.

Unrelated Failures
-Double/ triple jeopardy are misleading as you DO have to consider more
than 1 incident at a time, if they could conceivably happen at the same time.

-Every scenario must be considered on its merits & probability

-Human responses are unpredictable

-If the consequences are catastrophic then a risk assessment needs to be

carried out to determine the impact of unrelated failures.
 Sizing of Relief Valves
Vapour Sizing
(for critical flow)
W
Z *T
A= C * P1* Kd * Kb M

A= relief valve area required ( in2)

W= relief rate ( lb/hr)
C= coefficient determined from ratio of specific heats (use 350 if unknown)
P1= upstream relieving pressure (psiA)
Z= compressibility
T=upstream relieving temperature (oR)
M= molecular weight
Kd= Coefficient of discharge ( approx 0.975 for vapours, 0.65 for liquids)
Kb= Back pressure correction factor
 Coefficient of Discharge Kd
Kd is provided by the RV vendor and is dependent on the design of
the Relief Valve

The RV manufacturer back calculates Kd from certified capacity and

test conditions
eg- Crosby Kd (vapour)= 0.969 for conventional valves compared to
Anderson Greenwood Kd= 0.86 for 200 series pilot valves.

It is important to get the values for Kd from the vendors, however for
preliminary calculations before the vendor has been selected use

- 0.975 for vapours

- 0.65 for liquids
 Back Pressure correction Factor - Kb
Back pressure is the pressure existing at the outlet of a PRV due to the
pressure in the discharge system, or as a result of flashing in the valve
body.

If the effects of backpressure arent considered, then the valve may not
open at the correct set pressure, and may experience a decrease in
relieving capacity.

For valves with constant back pressure, ie from flare system, calculate
Pb/P1 = Backpressure(psia) / Relieving Pressure (psia) * 100

If Pb/P1 is less than 55% of the relieving capacity( which it should be for
most of our calcuations), then Kb=1
If Pb/P1 is more than 55%, then look up vendor tables for Kb value

For relief valves discharging to atmosphere, Kb=1

 Coefficient based on Specific Heats - C

Calculate K= ratio of specific heats ( Cp/Cv)

Calculate C = 520 (k)(Z/(k+1) (k+1)(k-1)

However this is not necessary as Crosby Handbook provide a table

of C factors based on k

For k = 1.3, use C= 347.

If for some reason, C cannot be calculated, use C=350 as an

average value.
 Steam Sizing
This equation is only used for sizing steam relief valves, and is
based on the Napier formula for steam flow.

A= W
51.5 * P1 * Kd * Kn * Ksh

A= relief valve area required ( in2)

W= relief rate ( lb/hr)
P1= upstream relieving pressure (psiA)
Kd= coefficient of discharge

Kn= Capacity correction for dry saturated steam at set pressures greater
than 10346kPa. Refer to vendor handbook for factors. For set
pressures less than 10346kPa, use Kn=1

Ksh= Capacity correction due to superheat.

For saturated steam, use ksh=1
For superheated steam, refer to API tables or vendor manuals
 Liquid Sizing
A= GPM Sg
38 * Kd * Kb * Kv P1 P 2

A= relief valve area required ( in2)

GPM = liquid flow rate ( gallons per minute)
P1= upstream relieving pressure (psiA)
P2= total back pressure (psiA)
Kd= Coefficient of discharge ( approx 0.65 if no other information)
Kb= Back pressure correction factor
Kv= Correction factor for viscosity
for non viscous fluids, kv=1
for viscous fluids, refer to user manual for tables
Sg= specific gravity of fluid at flowing conditions
 Two Phase Sizing

Flash the fluid to the downstream critical pressure

Calculate Av using the vapour % from the flash calculation, using the
vapour sizing equation

Calculate AL using the liquid % from the flash calculation, using the
liquid sizing equation

Total relieving area = Av + AL

 Examples
1- Vapour sizing

Fluid- natural gas K=1.27

Required relieving rate= 6000 lb/hr
Set pressure= 200 psig
Overpressure=10%
Backpressure= atmospheric
Inlet relieving temperature= 600R
Molecular weight= 19
 Examples- Vapour Sizing

Vapour Sizing Equation

W
Z *T
A= C * P1* Kd * Kb M

6000
600 * 1.0
344 * 0.975 * 234.7 *1.0
A= 19

A= 0.428 in2
 Examples
2- Steam sizing

Required relieving rate = 9750 lb/hr of Saturated Steam

Set Pressure = 250 psig
Overpressure= 10%
 Examples
2- Steam sizing
Required relieving rate = 9750 lb/hr of Saturated Steam
Set Pressure = 250 psig
Overpressure= 10%

W
A=
51.5 * P1 * Kd * Kn * Ksh

9750
A=
51.5 * 289.7 * 0.975 *1*1

A=0.67 in 2
 Examples- Fire Case Sizing
Calculate SP= 100psig

Fire wetted area

(A=dL + 1.084 d2)
Heat absorbed during the fire
(assume no fireproof insulation) HLL

Relief rate 25ft

(assume L=560 BTU/lb) 10ft

Required orifice area required

for this relief valve. 5ft 20ft
(assume C= 356
assume M= 44
assume relieving temp =150F / 610R)
 Examples- Fire Case Sizing
Fire wetted area SP= 100psig
(A=dL + 1.084 d2)
A= *5*5 + 1.084* 52
A=105.5 ft2

Heat Absorbed 25ft

HLL

Q=21000 F A0.82
= 21000 *1 * (105.5) 0.82 10ft
Q=957825 BTU/hr
5ft 20ft
Relieving Rate
W=Q/L
W=957825 / 560
W=1710.4 lb/hr
 Examples- Fire Case Sizing
Relieving pressure SP= 100psig
P=(100 * 1.21)+ 14.7
P=135.7 psia

Orifice Area
HLL
W Z *T 25ft
A= C * P1* Kd * Kb M 10ft
1710.4
1* 610
356 * 0.975 *135.7 *1.0 44 5ft 20ft

A= 0.135 in2

Select E orifice, area = 0.196 in2

Rated capacity = 1710.4 * 0.196 / 0.135
= 2438lb/hr
 Examples- Thermal Expansion

Calculate RV size for liquid thermal expansion in 1000ft

of 8 hydrocarbon pipe blocked in and exposed to solar
radiation.
Assume RV set pressure = 285 psig.
Assume SG= 0.8
Assume Cp= 0.56
Assume only half the surface area of the pipe is exposed
to the solar radiation.
 Examples- Thermal Expansion
Surface area of pipe = dL = ( 8.625 / 12) * 1000 = 2258 ft2
(Since only half the pipe is exposed to the solar radiation, surface area to be considered is 1129 ft2)

Calculate Heat Flux (H) = 300 * 1129 = 338703 BTU/hr

Calculate Relief Rate (GPM) = ( * H ) / ( 500 * Sg * Cp )

GPM = 0.0004 * 338703 / ( 500 * 0.8 * 0.56)
Relief Rate = 0.6 GPM

GPM Sg
Required Relief Area A=
38 * Kd * Kb * Kv P1 P 2

0.6 0.8
A= 38 * 0.65 *1*1 393.75 14.7

A = 0.0011 in2 Select a D orifice = 0.11in2

 Types of Relief Devices

The most commonly used relief device is a

spring loaded conventional relief valve.
Bonnet

It is simple in construction, and cheap and

reliable.
Outlet
Body
Flange

The total variable back pressure is limited

to 10% of the set pressure. For low
pressure systems linked to flare with Inlet
potential for high backpressure, these may Flange

not be suitable.
 Valve components Bonnet

Inlet flange mounted on the pressurised

system Outlet
Body
Flange
Disc held against the nozzle to prevent flow
under normal operation
Spring to hold the disk closed and a body to Inlet
Flange
contain the operating elements. The spring
load is adjustable to vary the pressure at
which the valve will open.

When the system pressure equals the force of Spring

the spring, the disc will lift allowing fluid to
flow out through the outlet flange. When the
system pressure return to a safe level the disk
will reseat as the spring force will be more
than the system pressure. Valve
Trim
 Types of Relief Devices
Spring Loaded Balanced Bellows

- Bellows allow total backpressure to increase to 30% of set pressure

( or up to 50% with capacity correction)

- In plugging & polymerising service, the bellows can plug and their
movement will be restricted, so these are not recommended for use.

- They are prone to fatigue and pin-hole leaks

- Not allowed under ASME sec 1

 Types of Relief Devices
Pilot Relief Valves

Can accept backpressures of 50% set pressure.

The system operating pressure can be within 5% of

the set pressure without danger of seat leakage.

Cannot be used in plugging, polymerising service as

the pilot sense line can plug.
 Pilot Relief Valves
Pilot RVs consist of a main valve with
piston operated disc, and a pilot.

Under normal operating conditions the pilot

allows system pressure into the piston
chamber.

As the piston area is greater than the disc

seat area, the disc is held closed.

When the set pressure is reached, the pilot

acts to shut off the system fluid to the
chamber, and vent the chamber. This
causes the disc to open and the process
system to relieve.
 Types of Relief Devices
Rupture Disks
Rupture Disks are non re-closing pressure relief devices.

-conventional tension loaded type generally the operating pressure

has to be <70% of the burst pressure.
These disks fragment, therefore they are not suitable under relief
valves.

-Reverse buckling disks can have operating pressures up to 90% of

the burst pressure.
These disks are non fragmenting, so they can be used under relief
valves.
 Types of Relief Devices
Conventional Balanced Bellows Pilot Operated
Default Type YES
Back Pressure < 10% <30% Not limited
Max Op Pressure 90% of Set 90% of Set Up to 95% of Set
ASME Sec 1 Allowed Prohibited Allowed
Remote Sensing YES
Plugging / YES Do not use Do not use
Polymerising service
 Relief Valve Installation
In order to ensure that the relief valve lifts at the correct pressure to
protect the system, it needs to be installed correctly.

Inlet Line Sizing

Things to remember

1. The inlet lines to the relief valve should be sized based on the
RATED, not calculated flow
If you calculate a required RV area of 0.41in2 based on a flowrate of
5000 lb/hr and select a G orifice with an area of 0.503 in2, then the
rated flow is
0.503/ 0.41 * 5000 = 6134 lb/hr.
The inlet line needs to be sized for this rated flow to prevent
excessive pressure drop in the line resulting in the relief valve
closing as it was not seeing the full pressure.
 Relief Valve Installation
Inlet Line Sizing Things to remember

2. Total Losses in piping & fittings between the system and the relief
valve should not exceed 3% of the set pressure to avoid RV chatter.
(This doesnt apply to remote sensing pilot valves.)

Total Piping losses must be calculated from the protected vessel and
include velocity head out of the vessel and piping losses.
Use - 1.0 VH if RV is directly off a vessel
- 0.5 VH if RV is off a pipe

3. The relief valve should be mounted upright with the inlet lead free
draining.
4. The inlet lead size should NOT be smaller than the RV inlet flanges.
 Relief Valve Installation

Outlet Line Sizing

Weep hole
Discharge to Atmosphere
-only allowed for steam, air & nitrogen- not for
HCs
-must discharge to a safe location
-include 1 velocity head in exit loss for P
calculation
-add a weephole in the exit lead at a lowpoint
to prevent liquid freezing in the outlet lead.
 Relief Valve Installation

Outlet Line Sizing

Flare header
Discharge to Closed Flare Header System

1. Line needs to be free draining to the flare

header

2. Linesize is based on the backpressure

limitation of the relief valve based on the
RATED flow.
Ie for a conventional valve with a 10%
backpressure, the outlet line should be sized to
ensure that the backpressure with the RATED
flow is less than 10%.
 Relief Valve Installation

Outlet Line Sizing

Flare header

Discharge to Closed Flare Header System

3. Allowable backpressures
- Conventional RV- total backpressure >10% of SP
- Balanced Bellows total backpressure > 30% of SP
- Pilot Relief Valve- total backpressure > 50% of SP

4. Must consider what other RVs may also be relieving at the same time
when calculating backpressure, ie in total power failure/ cooling water
failure cases.

5. Outlet line size should NOT be smaller than the RV outlet flange size.
 Relief Valve Isolation
LO

If directed by the client to install RV

isolation valves, these must be full port LO
valves and locked open.

If directed by the client to install spare To Flare

RVs, then full port valves are to be used LO LO

for isolation block valves.
One of the inlet valves must be locked LO A B LC
open, and one locked closed.

A better solution to this is to use key

interlocks so that valve A can not be shut
until valve B has been opened.